TABLE 2.
Results of pain outcome measurements
| Author (reference), year | Measure used |
Outcomes
|
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control group | Experimental group | Effect size | ||
| Chambers et al (24), 1997 | Parent report 100 mm visual analogue scale. Administered 5 times per day on each of the first 3 PODs. Highest pain score each day used as outcome | POD 1=32.0±34.8 | Education booklet | |
| POD 2=20.9±26.0 | POD 1=31.5±26.0 | d=−0.02 | ||
| POD 3=11.9±19.0 | POD 2=19.7±25.20 | d=−0.05 | ||
| POD 3=14.3±20.5 | d=0.12 | |||
| Assessment booklet | ||||
| POD 1= 29.0±26.0 | d=−0.09 | |||
| POD 2= 17.3±17.8 | d=−0.16 | |||
| POD 3= 6.1±10.1 | d=−0.38 | |||
| Sutters et al (28), 2004 | Child report on numerical rating scale from 0 (no pain) to 10 (worst pain imaginable). Administered with and without swallowing before bedtime and on awakening over first 3 PODs. Highest pain score each day used as outcome | (Assessed without swallowing) | ATC | |
| POD 1=5.1±3.1 | (Assessed without swallowing) | |||
| POD 2=4.5±3.0 | POD 1=5.2±2.4 | d=0.04 | ||
| POD 3=3.2±3.0 | POD 2=4.3±3.3 | d=−0.06 | ||
| (Assessed with swallowing) | POD 3=3.5±2.4 | d=0.11 | ||
| POD 1=4.9±3.2 | (Assessed with swallowing) | |||
| POD 2=3.9±2.6 | POD 1=5.2±2.6 | d=0.01 | ||
| POD 3=3.1±2.8 | POD 2=4.7±2.8 | d=0.29 | ||
| POD 3=3.1±2.7 | d=0 | |||
| ATC plus coaching | ||||
| (Assessed without swallowing) | ||||
| POD 1=5.5±2.3 | d=0.15 | |||
| POD 2=4.1±2.5 | d=−0.15 | |||
| POD 3=2.9±2.3 | d=−0.12 | |||
| (Assessed with swallowing) | ||||
| POD 1=5.4±2.5 | d=0.18 | |||
| POD 2=4.0±2.3 | d=0.04 | |||
| POD 3=2.9±2.4 | d=−0.08 | |||
| Franck et al (25), 2007 | Child report on Wong-Baker Faces Pain Scale. Used whenever child reported pain or parent asked about pain over the first 3 PODs | Not reported. From text: “Parents and children generally reported only mild pain intensity for children at rest or with movement.” (p. 336) | ||
| Helgadottir (26), 2007 | Child report on Wong-Baker Faces Pain Scale. Administered on each of POD 1 and 2 when swallowing and not swallowing at 5 timepoints each day. Highest pain score each day used as outcome | Child report | Child report | |
| (Assessed with swallowing) | (Assessed with swallowing) | |||
| POD 1=3.2±1.2 | POD 1=3.3±1.5 | d=0.07 | ||
| POD 2=3.3±1.6 | POD 2=2.4±1.4 | d=−0.60 | ||
| Parent report on Parent’s Postoperative Pain Measure. Administered twice each day on PODs 1 and 2 | (Assessed without swallowing) | (Assessed without swallowing) | ||
| POD 1=3.8±1.2 | POD 1=3.7±1.5 | d=−0.07 | ||
| POD 2=4.3±1.1 | POD 2=3.3±1.1 | d=−0.91 | ||
| Parent report | Parent report | |||
| POD 1=7.9±3.8 | POD 1=8.3±4.8 | d=0.09 | ||
| POD 2=6.2±4.2 | POD 2=6.7±4.9 | d=0.10 | ||
| Unsworth et al (30), 2007 | No pain intensity outcomes reported | |||
| Kankkunen et al (27), 2009 | Parent report 5-point pain rating (no pain, mild, moderate, severe, worst possible pain). | POD 1: 53% mild pain or greater | POD 1: 41% mild/moderate pain | OR=0.63 |
| Administered once per POD on first 2 PODs | POD 2: 21% mild pain or greater | POD 2: 36% mild/moderate pain | OR=1.99 | |
| Sutters et al (29), 2010 | Child report on numerical rating scale from 0 (no pain) to 10 (worst pain imaginable). Administered before bedtime and on awakening over first 3 PODs. Highest pain score each day used as outcome. ATC and ATC + coaching combined | (Assessed without swallowing) | (Assessed without swallowing) | |
| POD 1=4.3±2.8 | POD 1=3.7±2.4 | d=−0.24 | ||
| POD 2=5.0±2.9 | POD 2=3.2±2.9 | d=−0.62 | ||
| POD 3=4.1±2.7 | POD 3=3.1±2.3 | d=−0.41 | ||
| (Assessed with swallowing) | (Assessed with swallowing) | |||
| POD 1=4.9±2.8 | POD 1=3.8±2.5 | d=−0.42 | ||
| POD 2=5.0±2.9 | POD 2=3.3±2.8 | d=−0.60 | ||
| POD 3=4.2±3.0 | POD 3=3.3±2.5 | d=−0.34 | ||
| Vincent et al (31), 2012 | Child report with either the numerical rating scale (0=no pain, 10=worst pain) or Faces Pain Rating Scale – Revised (6 faces, 1=no pain, 10=very much pain). Administered once daily for three days postoperatively | POD 1=4.4±1.8 | POD 1=4.8±2.1 | d=0.21 |
| POD 2=4.3±1.8 | POD 2=4.4±2.1 | d=0.05 | ||
| POD 3=3.8±2.5 | POD 3=4.3±2.0 | d=0.22 | ||
Data presented as mean ± SD unless otherwise indicated. Negative effect sizes favour intervention. ATC Around the clock; POD Postoperative day