Table 3.
Relative Risks of Premenstrual Syndrome by History of Punitive Parenting, Nurses' Health Study 2 Premenstrual Syndrome Substudy (1991–2005)
| Model 1: Adjusted for age and confoundersa | Model 2: Adjusted for age, confounders and mediatorsb | Model 3: Adjusted for age, confounders, mediators and social supportc | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Type of abuse | Cases | Controls | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI |
| CTQ score | ||||||||
| 5 (none) | 65 | 288 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||
| 6–10 | 510 | 1350 | 1.7 | 1.2–2.2 | 1.6 | 1.1–2.1 | 1.5 | 1.1–2.1 |
| 11–15 | 269 | 440 | 2.7 | 2.0–3.7 | 2.3 | 1.6–3.2 | 2.2 | 1.5–3.1 |
| 16–20 | 122 | 143 | 3.7 | 2.5–5.3 | 2.8 | 1.9–4.2 | 2.6 | 1.7–3.9 |
| 21–25 (high) | 52 | 56 | 3.7 | 2.3–6.0 | 2.1 | 1.2–3.5 | 1.9 | 1.1–3.2 |
| pTrend<0.0001 | pTrend<0.0001 | pTrend<0.0001 | ||||||
| CTQ emotional abuse itemsd | ||||||||
| 2 (none) | 82 | 347 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||
| 3–4 | 308 | 881 | 1.4 | 1.1–1.9 | 1.4 | 1.0–1.8 | 1.4 | 1.0–1.8 |
| 5–6 | 321 | 663 | 1.9 | 1.4–2.5 | 1.7 | 1.2–2.2 | 1.6 | 1.2–2.2 |
| 7–8 | 172 | 245 | 2.7 | 1.9–3.7 | 2.2 | 1.5–3.2 | 2.1 | 1.5–3.0 |
| 9–10 | 135 | 141 | 3.4 | 2.3–5.0 | 2.6 | 1.7–4.0 | 2.5 | 1.6–3.8 |
| pTrend<0.0001 | pTrend<0.0001 | pTrend<0.0001 | ||||||
| CTQ corporal punishment itemsd | ||||||||
| 2 (none) | 439 | 1219 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||
| 3–4 | 355 | 732 | 1.1 | 1.0–1.4 | 1.1 | 0.9–1.3 | 1.1 | 0.9–1.3 |
| 5–6 | 128 | 218 | 1.1 | 0.9–1.5 | 1.1 | 0.8–1.4 | 1.1 | 0.8–1.4 |
| 7–8 | 71 | 78 | 1.3 | 0.9–1.9 | 1.1 | 0.7–1.7 | 1.1 | 0.7–1.7 |
| 9–10 | 25 | 30 | 1.1 | 0.6–2.0 | 0.8 | 0.4–1.5 | 0.8 | 0.4–1.5 |
| pTrend=0.16 | pTrend=0.68 | pTrend=0.74 | ||||||
| CTQ social support iteme | ||||||||
| Never | 31 | 46 | 1.0 | 1.00 | ||||
| Rarely | 125 | 167 | 1.2 | 0.7–2.0 | 1.1 | 0.6–1.9 | ||
| Sometimes | 213 | 396 | 0.8 | 0.5–1.4 | 0.9 | 0.5–1.4 | ||
| Often | 286 | 635 | 0.7 | 0.4–1.1 | 0.8 | 0.5–1.3 | ||
| Very often | 361 | 1027 | 0.6 | 0.4–0.9 | 0.7 | 0.4–1.1 | ||
| pTrend<0.0001 | pTrend=0.0002 | |||||||
Adjusted for age and confounders: mother's education, father's education, white race, home ownership in infanc,y and childhood somatogram.
Adjusted for age, confounders listed above, and mediators: income, parity, oral contraceptive use and duration, body mass index, and pack-years of cigarette smoking, MET hours per week of physical activity, history of depression, physical abuse during adulthood, sexual abuse during adulthood, alcohol intake, and dietary intake of calcium, vitamin D, vitamin B2, vitamin B6, and potassium.
Adjusted for age, confounders and mediators listed above, and the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) social support item.
Emotional and corporal punishment items adjusted for each other in all models.
“Someone made me feel special.”
95% CI, 95% confidence interval; OR, odds ratio.