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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Jun 1.
Published in final edited form as: Popul Dev Rev. 2014 Jun 14;40(2):241–271. doi: 10.1111/j.1728-4457.2014.00672.x

TABLE 5.

Sex-specific attitudes with no evidence of endogeneity

Men Women
Woman full and satisfying life without marrying
Man full and satisfying life without marrying
Woman full and satisfying life without children ✓ ✓
Man full and satisfying life without children ✓
Main purpose of marriage is to have children ✓
Couple should have their first child soon after marriage ✓
Acceptable for an unmarried woman to have sex ✓
Should not live together unless married
Acceptable for woman to have children without marrying ✓
Parents should not divorce for the sake of children ✓
Better if man earns living, woman home/family
Housewife as fulfilling as working for pay ✓ ✓
Wives work only when family needs extra income ✓
When jobs scarce, men have priority over women ✓
Working mother good relationship w children ✓
Preschool children suffer if their mother works ✓ ✓

NOTES:

1

Endogeneity was tested using Stata procedures “ivregress 2sls” followed by “estat endogenous” and “estat overid.” See text for a discussion of endogeneity issues.

2

Exogenous variables included in the model are age (5-year categories), education, rural residence, rural upbringing, mother’s education, father’s education, and whether respondent is first-born child.

3

Instrumented variables are 4 categories of marital status and parenthood (never married, currently married without children, currently married with children, post-married), coresidence with parents, and whether the respondent knows anyone who has cohabited.

4

Instrumental variables are prefecture-level characteristics: percent urban 5 and 10 years ago, ratio of housing units that are rental 7 and 12 years ago, average monthly rent of private rental housing units 5 and 10 years ago, proportions of university graduates who obtained regular employment within one year after graduation for men and women 5 and 10 years ago, proportions of high school graduates going for higher education for men and women 5 and 10 years ago, unemployment rate 10 years ago, ratio of single women aged 20–24 to single men aged 25–29, and ratio of single women aged 25–29 to single men aged 30–34 5 years ago.