Table 1.
Recent advances in nanomaterials used in regenerative medicine
| Organ | Nanomaterials | Outcome (type of study) | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bone | Poly(epsilon caprolactone) | Improved cell attachment, proliferation, differentiation, and mineralization of osteoblasts (in vitro) | Wang J et al13 |
| Lineage restriction of progenitor cells by topographical cues (in vitro) | Cassidy JW et al113 | ||
| Nanoscaled calcium phosphate | Large-sized blood vessel infiltration leads to bone formation (in vivo; canines) | Appleford MR et al15 | |
| HA-coated titanium | Enhanced and accelerated osseoimplant integration (in vivo; rats) | Yamada M et al17 | |
| Nanostructured beta tricalcium phosphate-coated over poly(lactic acid) | Enhanced osteoconductivity of scaffold (in vitro) and heterotrophic bone formation (in vivo; rabbits) | Cao L et al20 | |
| Carbon nanotubes | ECM calcification (in vitro); lamellar bone regeneration (in vivo; mice) | Lobo AO et al26 | |
| Porous bone formation in bone defect (in vivo; rats) | Hirata E et al27 | ||
| Silica nanofibers | Proliferation and maturation of MG63 cells (in vitro) | Ravichandran R et al29 | |
| Cartilage | Pentosan poly sulfate in poly (ethylene glycol) HA | Formation of cartilage like tissues by mesenchymal progenitor cells (in vitro) | Frith JE et al56 |
| PVA/PCL | Proliferation and chondrogenic differentiation of MSCs (in vitro); improved healing of cartilage defects (in vivo; rabbits) | Shafiee A et al57 | |
| POSS–PCU | Enhanced survival, proliferation, and chondrogenic differentiation of adipose tissue derived stem cells (in vitro) | Guasti L et al114 | |
| Enhanced growth and proliferation of nasoseptal chondrocytes (in vitro) | Oseni AO et al115 | ||
| Peripheral nervous system | Electrospun collagen/poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) | Axon regeneration, myelination, and action potential propagation (in vivo; rats) | Ouyang Y et al63 |
| POSS–PCU–MWCNT | Novel biomaterial capable of electronic interfacing with tissue holds potential to promote nerve regeneration | Antoniadou EV et al64 | |
| Central nervous system | Si-RNA chitosan nanoparticles | Increased delivery of drugs by crossing BBB (in vivo; rats) | Malmo J et al71 |
| Myocardial tissue | IGF-1 with poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) | Increased Akt phosphorylation and reduced infarct size (in vivo; mice) | Chang MY et al74 |
| Electrospun (hb/gel/fib) | Cardiomyogenic differentiation of MSCs (in vitro) | Ravichandran R et al75 | |
| PGS | Increased transplant cell retention and survival (in vitro) | Ravichandran R et al77 | |
| Gold nanoparticles-loaded hybrid nanofibers | Cardiomyogenic differentiation of MSCs; superior biological and functional properties (in vitro) | Ravichandran R et al116 | |
| Skin | Silver nanoparticles | Reduced inflammation and promotion of wound healing (in vitro) | Wu J et al48 |
| Plasma-treated electrospun poly(lactic-acid) co-poly(epsilon caprolactone), and gelatin | Increased fibroblast proliferation and collagen secretion (in vitro) | Chandrasekaran AR et al43 | |
| Rosette nanotubes with PHEMA | Increased keratinocyte and fibroblast proliferation (in vitro) | Sun L et al50 | |
| Eye | Polydimethylsiloxane | Topographical cue for formation of functioning corneal endothelium (in vitro) | Teo BK et al100 |
| Super paramagnetic nanoparticles | Increased gene expression and neurite growth, subcellular organelle localization, and nano therapeutics delivery (in vitro) | Steketee MB et al101 | |
| Lung | Deferoxamine | Regeneration of microvascular anastomosis in airways (in vivo; mice) | Jiang X et al117 |
| 101F6 (tumor suppressor gene) nanoparticles | Increased tumor cell lysis (in vitro and in vivo; mice) | Ohtani S et al118 |
Abbreviations: HA, hydroxyapatite; ECM, extracellular matrix; Akt, protein kinase B; PVA/PCL, poly(vinyl alcohol) poly(caprolactone); POSS-PCU, polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane with polycarbonate polyurethane; MWCNT, multiwalled carbon nanotube; poly(hb/gel/fib), poly(hemoglobin/gelatin/fibrinogen); PGS, poly(glycerol sebacate); PHEMA, poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate); BBB, blood–brain barrier; MSCs, mesenchymal stem cells; MI, myocardial infarction; Si-RNA, small interfering ribonucleic acid; IGF-1, insulin-like growth factor-1.