Table 1.
Descriptive analysis: stratified by income status and patterns of quality of care
| Income level | Patterns of care | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All | Non-poor | Poor | p -value | Not excellent | Excellent | p -value | |
| ( n =10,320) | ( n =10196) | ( n =124) | ( n =9,142) | ( n =1,178) | |||
| Hospital-level | |||||||
| Accreditation status, n (%) | 0.6392† | <0.0001† | |||||
| Medical center | 6955(67.39) | 6869(67.37) | 86(69.35) | 6395(69.95) | 560(47.54) | ||
| Not medical center | 3365(32.61) | 3327(32.63) | 38(30.65) | 2747(30.05) | 618(52.46) | ||
| Ownership, n (%) | 0.5134† | 0.4790† | |||||
| Public hospital | 3706(35.91) | 3658 (35.88) | 48 (38.71) | 3272(35.79) | 434(36.84) | ||
| Not public hospital | 6614(64.09) | 6538 (64.12) | 76 (61.29) | 5870(64.21) | 744(63.16) | ||
| Hospital service volume, mean (S.D.) | 147.56(92.45) | 147.83(92.53) | 124.90(82.40) | 0.0060‡ | 151.12(90.68) | 119.89(101.03) | <0.0001‡ |
| Hospital risk-adjusted infection rate (%), mean (S.D.) | 1.31(1.83) | 1.31(1.82) | 1.43(2.13) | 0.5238‡ | 1.40(1.86) | 0.57(1.25) | <0.0001‡ |
| Hospital risk-adjusted mortality rate (%), mean (S.D.) | 5.41%(5.53) | 5.39(5.40) | 7.48(12.10) | 0.0504‡ | 5.79(5.61) | 2.45(3.68) | <0.0001‡ |
| Surgeon-level | |||||||
| Surgeon’s gender, n (%) | 0.1783† | 0.0003† | |||||
| Female | 287(2.78) | 286(2.81) | 1 (0.81) | 235(2.57) | 52(4.41) | ||
| Male | 10027(97.22) | 9904(97.19) | 123 (99.19) | 8901(97.43) | 1126(95.59) | ||
| Surgeon’s age, mean (S.D.) | 44.46(7.65) | 44.48(7.65) | 42.77(6.82) | 0.0134‡ | 44.48(7.63) | 44.29(7.79) | 0.4244‡ |
| Surgeon service volume, mean (S.D.) | 50.38(34.65) | 50.46(34.66) | 44.40(32.94) | 0.0439‡ | 50.12(33.46) | 52.46(42.70) | 0.0285‡ |
| Surgeon risk-adjusted infection rate (%), mean (S.D.) | 1.28(3.18) | 1.28(3.18) | 1.27(2.76) | 0.9568‡ | 1.39(3.31) | 0.50(1.63) | <0.0001‡ |
| Surgeon risk-adjusted mortality rate (%), mean (S.D.) | 4.89(7.31) | 4.88 (7.24) | 6.40(11.71) | 0.0236‡ | 5.29(7.53) | 1.86(4.30) | <0.0001‡ |
| Patient-level | |||||||
| Age, mean (S.D.) | 65.35(10.95) | 65.40(10.93) | 61.38(11.74) | <0.0001‡ | 65.44(10.96) | 64.65(10.84) | 0.0187‡ |
| Gender, n (%) | 0.1289† | 0.1504† | |||||
| Female | 2424(23.49) | 2402(23.56) | 22(17.74) | 2167(23.70) | 257(21.82) | ||
| Male | 7896(76.51) | 7794(76.44) | 102(82.26) | 6975(76.30) | 921(78.18) | ||
| CCI, n (%) | <0.0001† | 0.6394† | |||||
| <=1 | 5453(52.84) | 5412(53.08) | 41(33.06) | 4823(52.76) | 630(53.48) | ||
| 2+ | 4867(47.16) | 4784(46.92) | 83(66.94) | 4319(47.24) | 548(46.52) | ||
| Number of vessels obstructed, n (%) | 0.5094† | <0.0001† | |||||
| 1 | 4278(41.45) | 4223(41.42) | 55(44.35) | 3634(39.75) | 644(54.67) | ||
| 2+ | 6042(58.55) | 5973(58.58) | 69(55.65) | 5508(60.25) | 534(45.33) | ||
| Patterns of quality of care | |||||||
| Not excellent, n (%) | 9142(88.59) | 9025(88.52) | 117(94.35) | 0.0421† | |||
| Excellent, n (%) | 1178(11.41) | 1171(11.48) | 7(5.65) | ||||
| Inpatient mortality, n (%) | 550(5.33) | 535 (5.25) | 15(12.10) | 0.0007† | 519(5.68) | 31(2.63) | <0.0001† |
† χ 2 test ‡ t-test.