Table 4.
Structure of rounds/handovers, nighttime pattern of physician cover, and intensivist characteristics and ICU length of stay among survivors
| Relative effect (95% CI) | ||
|---|---|---|
| Univariable | Multivariable | |
| Structure of rounds/handovers | ||
| Number of ICU beds (per five additional beds) | 1.08 | 1.07 |
| (1.06, 1.11) | (1.03, 1.10) | |
| Absolute number of rounds per week (per additional seven rounds) | 1.06 | 1.04 |
| (1.02, 1.12) | (0.98, 1.09) | |
| Absolute number of handovers in 24 hours (per additional handover) | 0.93 | 0.95 |
| (0.87, 0.99) | (0.89, 1.01) | |
| Intensivist participation in handover rounds (versus no intensivist participation) | ||
| Weekdays only | 1.03 | 1.00 |
| (0.88, 1.20) | (0.85, 1.17) | |
| Weekdays and weekends | 1.06 | 0.99 |
| (0.91, 1.23) | (0.85, 1.15) | |
| Maximum continuous days intensivist cover (per additional day) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| (0.99, 1.02) | (0.98, 1.01) | |
| Nighttime pattern of physician cover | ||
| Nighttime cover pattern (versus specialty registrar (dedicated); intensivist exclusively on call) | ||
| Intensivist | 0.91 | 0.93 |
| (0.76, 1.09) | (0.78, 1.12) | |
| Specialty registrar (dedicated); intensivist not exclusively on call | 0.92 | 1.00 |
| (0.81, 1.04) | (0.87, 1.15) | |
| Specialty registrar (cross-cover); intensivist exclusively on call | 0.97 | 1.00 |
| (0.88, 1.07) | (0.90, 1.10) | |
| Specialty registrar (cross-cover); intensivist not exclusively on call | 0.91 | 0.97 |
| (0.84, 1.00) | (0.87, 1.07) | |
| Senior or junior medical officer; intensivist exclusively on call | 1.05 | 1.05 |
| (0.94, 1.17) | (0.94, 1.17) | |
| Senior or junior medical officer; intensivist not exclusively on call | 0.89 | 1.01 |
| (0.72, 1.10) | (0.81, 1.26) | |
| Intensivist characteristics | ||
| Full-time equivalent (FTE) intensivists per bed (per additional 0.25 FTE) | 0.97 | 0.98 |
| (0.95, 0.99) | (0.96, 1.00) | |
| Clinical experience of intensivists weighted by FTE (per additional year) | 0.99 | 0.99 |
| (0.97, 1.01) | (0.97, 1.01) | |
| Patient-level variables* | ||
| Age (per 10 years) | - | 1.03 |
| (1.02, 1.03) | ||
| Location before admission (versus Emergency Department) | ||
| Clinic or home | - | 0.90 |
| (0.83, 0.96) | ||
| Other critical care unit | - | 1.80 |
| (1.74, 1.87) | ||
| Theatre (elective/scheduled surgery) | - | 0.61 |
| (0.58, 0.64) | ||
| Theatre (emergency/urgent surgery) | - | 0.75 |
| (0.71, 0.79) | ||
| Ward or intermediate care area | - | 1.19 |
| (1.17, 1.22) | ||
| CPR within 24 hours before admission | - | 1.02 |
| (0.98, 1.07) | ||
| ICNARC Physiology Score (per 5 points) | - | 1.37 |
| (1.36, 1.38) | ||
| Primary reason for admission (versus Respiratory) | ||
| Cardiovascular (nonsurgical) | - | 0.71 |
| (0.69, 0.73) | ||
| Cardiovascular (surgical) | - | 1.11 |
| (1.05, 1.16) | ||
| Dermatologic (nonsurgical) | - | 0.86 |
| (0.78, 0.95) | ||
| Dermatologic (surgical) | - | 1.12 |
| (1.01, 1.24) | ||
| Endocrine (nonsurgical) | - | 0.61 |
| (0.59, 0.63) | ||
| Endocrine (surgical) | - | 0.95 |
| (0.88, 1.03) | ||
| Gastrointestinal (nonsurgical) | - | 0.88 |
| (0.85, 0.91) | ||
| Gastrointestinal (surgical) | - | 1.20 |
| (1.15, 1.26) | ||
| Genitourinary (nonsurgical) | - | 0.64 |
| (0.62, 0.66) | ||
| Genitourinary (surgical) | - | 0.95 |
| (0.90, 1.01) | ||
| Hematologic/immunologic (nonsurgical) | - | 0.82 |
| (0.76, 0.89) | ||
| Hematologic/immunologic (surgical) | - | 1.22 |
| (0.92, 1.61) | ||
| Musculoskeletal (nonsurgical) | - | 1.01 |
| (0.95, 1.09) | ||
| Musculoskeletal (surgical) | - | 0.92 |
| (0.87, 0.97) | ||
| Neurologic (nonsurgical) | - | 0.71 |
| (0.69, 0.73) | ||
| Neurologic (surgical) | - | 0.15 |
| (1.09, 1.22) | ||
*Each univariable model was adjusted for the same patient-level variables (relative effects not shown).