Table 2.

Overview of treatment and comparison interventions in included studies

Included study	Intervention	Comparison	Type of pain	Outcome measure interval1
Adorjàn-Schaumann 1999	OMT	Sham MT	Chronic	75 days
Andersson 1999	OMT	UC	Acute + Chronic	12 weeks
Chown 20083	OMT	Physiotherapy	Chronic	6 weeks
Cruser 2012	OMT	UC	Acute	4 weeks
Gibson 1985	OMT	Sham SWD	Acute + Chronic4	2, 4, 12 weeks
Gibson 1985a2	OMT	SWD	Acute + Chronic4	2, 4, 12 weeks
Gundermann 2013	OMT	Untreated	NS, Pregnancy	6 weeks
Heinze 2006	OMT + PT + Heat	PT + Heat	Acute + Chronic	12 weeks
Licciardone 2003	OMT	Untreated	Chronic	30, 90, 180 days
Licciardone 2003a2	OMT	Sham MT	Chronic	30, 90, 180 days
Licciardone 2009	OMT + UOBC	UOBC	NS, Pregnancy	9 weeks
Licciardone 20092	OMT + UOBC	UOBC + SUT	NS, Pregnancy	9 weeks
Licciardone 2013	OMT	Sham OMT	Chronic	12 weeks
Mandara 2008	OMT	Sham MT	Chronic	6 weeks
Peters 2006	OMT	Untreated	NS, Pregnancy	5 weeks
Recknagel 2007	OMT	Untreated	Chronic, PP	8 weeks
Schwerla 2012	OMT	Untreated	Chronic, PP	8 weeks
Vismara 2012	OMT + SE	SE	Chronic	2 weeks

¹Bolded time interval included in the analysis of the current review.

²Second comparison in this published study.

³The second comparison in this study (group exercise) was not considered because of a dropout rate of 60%.

⁴Low back pain period from 2 weeks to 30 weeks.

Abbreviations: MT Manipulative treatment, NS Not specified, OMT Osteopathic manipulative treatment, PP Postpartum, PT Physical therapy, SE Specific exercises, SUT Sham ultrasound treatment, SWD Short-wave diathermy, UC Usual care, UOBC Usual obstetric care.