Table 3.

Potential confounders causing CgA increase [64]

Neoplastic (other than GEP-NENs)

Breast cancer  Prostate cancer  Ovarian cancer  Hepatocarcinoma

Pancreas adenocarcinoma  Colon cancer

Non-neoplastic

Kidney or heart failure  Endocrine diseases (hyperthyroidism, hyperparathyroidism)  Local or systemic inflammatory disease  Chronic obstructive broncho-pulmonary disease  Gastro-enteric pathologies: chronic atrophic gastritis, pancreatitis, inflammatory bowel disease, cirrhosis, chronic hepatitis