Table 2.3. Cardiovascular actions of GLP-1-based therapeutics.

GLP-1R agonist	Experimental/clinical setting	Effect of GLP-1R agonist	Refs.
Exenatide	TG9 mice (murine DCM model)	Improvement of glucose tolerance; increase 2-deoxyglucose uptake and GLUT4 expression in myocardium	232
GLP-1	Dogs with pacing-induced DCM	Increase insulin sensitivity, basal and insulin-stimulated glucose extraction, and uptake in myocardium, and decrease plasma glucagon	233
GLP-1 GLP-1 (9–36)	Dogs with pacing-induced DCM	Both peptides increase insulin sensitivity and basal and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in myocardium, and decrease plasma glucagon	234
Exenatide	Diabetic (STZ-induced) rats	Increase myocardial glucose uptake	235
Vildagliptin	Model of murine heart failure	Increase plasma GLP-1, improvement of glucose tolerance	236
Liraglutide	Mice on HFD	Decrease insulin resistance	237
GLP-1	Patients before, during, and after CABG	Decrease pre- and perioperative plasma glucose, decrease postoperative plasma glucagon, decrease postoperative insulin infusion required, decrease pharmacological or mechanical support to achieve hemodynamic stability in postoperative period	238
GLP-1	T2DM patients after CABG	Decrease postoperative insulin infusion required Decrease dobutamine infusion required	239
GLP-1	T1D patients	Decrease hyperglycemia- or hypoglycemia-induced oxidative stress, inflammation, and endothelial dysfunction	240

DCM, dilated cardiomyopathy; STZ, streptozotocin; HFD, high-fat diet; CABG, coronary artery bypass grafting.