As discussed in the text, several brain regions and interconnected neural circuits that
regulate emotion, reward, and executive function are also involved in the stress response.
Given the overlap in the stress system and these other brain circuits, it is not
surprising that severe stress in the form of child maltreatment is associated with
increased risk for a range of psychiatric and substance use disorders which are frequently
comorbid with one another.
Key: ACC=anterior cingulate cortex; ACTH=adrenocorticotropin hormone;
Amy=amygdala; CRH=corticotropin releasing hormone; Hp=hippocampus;
LC=locus coerelus; mPFC=medial prefrontal cortex; NAc=nucleus
accumbens; OFC=orbitofrontal cortex; VTA=ventral tegmental area. (Adapted
from Kaufman and Weder, 2010).