Table 4. Standardized Regression Coefficients Predicting End-of-Year Spelling Achievement.
| Factors | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics and Home Literacy | |||
| Gender | -.070 | -.068 | -.001 |
| Parental Education | .093 | -.055 | .014 |
| Time spent reading at home | .168* | .076 | .068 |
| Preschool attendance | .135* | .078 | .045 |
| Race | -.102 | -.015 | .012 |
| SES (FARL) | - | -.136* | -.106* |
|
| |||
| Initial conventional literacy skills (fall semester) | |||
| LW | .140 | .117 | |
| LNF | .241** | .148* | |
| LSF | .049 | .086 | |
| PV | .024 | .002 | |
| BW | .167* | .013 | |
| EL | .134* | -.008 | |
|
| |||
| Concurrent conventional literacy skills (spring semester) | |||
| LW | .227** | ||
| LNF | -.024 | ||
| LSF | .248*** | ||
| PV | -.034 | ||
| BW | .084 | ||
| EL | .062 | ||
| PSF | .145** | ||
| LWF | .153** | ||
Note: SES (FARL) = Socioeconomic Status indicated by Free or Reduced Lunch; LW = Letter-Word Standard Score; LNF = Letter Naming Fluency Raw Score; LSF = Letter-Sound Fluency Raw Score; PV = Picture-Vocabulary Standard Score; BW = Blending Words Standard Score; EL = Elision Standard Score; PSF = Phoneme Segmentation Fluency Standard Score; LWF = Letter Writing Fluency.
*
p < .05
**
p < .01
***
p < .001.