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. 2014 Jul 30;15(8):13317–13332. doi: 10.3390/ijms150813317

Figure 3.

Figure 3

TCF2 activates PI3K/AKT and MAPK/ERK signaling pathways to inhibit ROS generation in INS-1 cells. INS-1 cells were cultured in DMEM containing 25 mM glucose (control) or 800 μM PA. When needed, 100 nM insulin was added to the culture medium. INS-1 cells overexpressing TCF2 were cultured in DMEM containing 25 mM glucose and 800 μM PA. After 24 h of incubation, activation of PI3K/AKT and MAPK/ERK signaling pathways was detected by Western blotting (A); In the presence of ERK inhibitor PD98059, PI3K inhibitor LY294002, or both inhibitors, ROS generation was detected (B); Besides, expression of GCLc and GCLm (C) was detected by Western blotting; Cell viability was evaluated (D) in the presence of PD98059 and LY294002 in INS-1 cells overexpressing TCF2 treated with PA and glucose. INS-1 cells cultured in DMEM containing 25 mM glucose or glucose + PA, and INS-1 cells overexpressing TCF2 cultured in DMEM with glucose + PA were used as controls. * p < 0.05.