Table 1.

Examples of anti-infective strategies proposed for treating of surfaces used in orthopaedic surgery.

Strategy	Features	Examples	References
Prevention in adhesion and adsorption		Anti-adhesive polymers	[68,69,70,71]
		Albumin	[72]
		Super-hydrophobic surfaces	[73,74,75]
		Nano-patterned surface	[76,77,78,79]
		Hydrogels	[80,81,82,83]
Methods to kill bacteria	Inorganic	Silver nanoparticles	[84,85,86,87,88,89,90]
		Titanium dioxide	[91,92,93]
		Selenium ion	[94,95,96]
		Copper ion	[97,98]
		Zinc ion	[99,100]
	Organic	Coated or covalently linked antibiotics	[101,102,103,104,105]
		Chitosan derivatives	[106,107,108,109]
		Signaling, inhibiting and antimicrobial peptides	[110,111,112,113,114,115]
		Cytokines	[116]
		Enzymes	[117,118]
	Other	Non-antibiotic bactericidal substances	[119]
	Combined	Multilayer coating	[120,121,122,123,124]
		Synergy material intensification	[125]
		Positively charged polymers	[126]
Multi-functional and smart coating	Passive	Nanostructured “smart” material	[71,127,128]
	Active	Concept: sensors conjoined to nanocontainers	[129,130,131,132,133]
Alternative approach		Lytic bacteriophages	[134]