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. 2013 Nov 28;281(1):63–73. doi: 10.1111/febs.12601

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© 2013 The Authors. FEBS Journal published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of FEBS

This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution‐NonCommercial‐NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non‐commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.

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L1 retrotransposition and silencing pathways. L1 mobilization requires the key steps of transcription, mRNA export to the cytoplasm, translation, ribonucleoprotein particle formation, entry into the nucleus and, finally, integration. The Piwi‐induced methylation silencing pathway involves a selective amplification cycle fuelled by Piwi‐mediated cleavage of L1 transcripts. The repeat‐associated small interfering RNA degradation pathway is regulated by the generation of siRNAs from dsRNAs by Dicer and the fragmentation of L1 RNAs by AGO family proteins. L1 integration is also inhibited by several host factors, including members of the APOBEC3 family. Proteins and RNAs implicated in L1‐silencing pathways are represented in blue. L1 RNAs and proteins are represented in pink.