Comparison 1. Multiple risk factor intervention versus control.

Outcome or subgroup title	No. of studies	No. of participants	Statistical method	Effect size
1 Total mortality	9	125167	Peto Odds Ratio (Peto, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.96 [0.92, 1.01]
2 Coronary heart disease mortality	9	125167	Peto Odds Ratio (Peto, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.96 [0.89, 1.04]
3 Systolic blood pressure	38	53872	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	−3.62 [−3.93, −3.31]
4 Diastolic blood pressure	39	64859	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	−2.76 [−2.93, −2.59]
5 Blood cholesterol	35	66106	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	−0.07 [−0.08, −0.06]
6 Smoking prevalence	15	48948	Odds Ratio (M-H, Random, 95% CI)	0.81 [0.70, 0.94]
7 Systolic blood pressure (individual analysis or cluster)	38	53872	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	−2.68 [−3.64, −1.72]
7.1 Cluster randomisation - analysis by cluster	2	19355	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.56 [−2.26, 3.38]
7.2 Individual randomisation	32	33157	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	−3.24 [−4.16, −2.31]
7.3 Cluster randomisation - analysis by individual	4	1360	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.03 [−3.28, 3.34]
8 Diastolic blood pressure (individual analysis or cluster)	39	65362	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	−2.01 [−2.63, −1.39]
8.1 Cluster randomisation - analysis by cluster	2	19348	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	−0.27 [−0.81, 0.27]
8.2 Individual randomisation	34	44619	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	−2.33 [−2.94, −1.72]
8.3 Cluster randomisation - analysis by individual	4	1395	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	−0.00 [−1.07, 1.07]
9 Cholesterol (individual analysis or cluster)	35	66106	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	−0.25 [−0.35,−0.15]
9.1 Cluster randomisation - analysis by cluster	2	18833	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.01 [−0.03, 0.05]
9.2 Individual randomisation	30	46775	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	−0.29 [−0.40, −0.18]
9.3 Cluster randomisation (analysis by individual)	3	498	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.06 [−0.15, 0.28]
10 Smoking prevalence (individual analysis or cluster)	15	48948	Odds Ratio (M-H, Random, 95% CI)	0.81 [0.70, 0.94]
10.1 Cluster randomisation - analysis by cluster	1	520	Odds Ratio (M-H, Random, 95% CI)	0.43 [0.28, 0.64]
10.2 Individual randomisation	12	29508	Odds Ratio (M-H, Random, 95% CI)	0.82 [0.70, 0.95]
10.3 Cluster randomisation - analysis by individual	2	18920	Odds Ratio (M-H, Random, 95% CI)	0.99 [0.90, 1.08]