Table 13.

Rewards and punishments: rewards should be aligned with policies and practices, costs and barriers should be minimized (STS)

Theory component	Study results
System purpose	Purpose of system should not be punitive
Concerns	Identifying information (if any) should not facilitate punishment; system abuse should be prevented
Motivators	Incentives for reporting could motivate, but should not conflict with practice procedures or ethics
Barriers	System should not allow for retaliation or punitive consequences of reporting
System design	Preferred system would be anonymous or de-identified, to minimize possible punishment
Processing entity	Processing entity should not have any punitive power