Table 8. Multivariable survival analysis using multiple imputation (n = 3725*).
| Variable | Reference Category | Category | Hazard Ratio | 95% CI | P-value | ||||
| lower | upper | ||||||||
| Sex | Boys | ||||||||
| Girls | 1.51 | 1.24 | 1.84 | <0.0001 | |||||
| Birth gestation | Term (≥37 weeks) | ||||||||
| Preterm (<37 weeks gestation) | 1.31 | 1.01 | 1.69 | 0.042 | |||||
| Non-cardiac malformations | None | ||||||||
| Downs Syndrome | 0.87 | 0.62 | 1.21 | 0.403 | |||||
| Non- Downs Syndrome | 1.26 | 0.97 | 1.64 | 0.085 | |||||
| Additional cardiac defects | Isolated CHDs | ||||||||
| Additional defects | 1.34 | 1.13 | 1.57 | 0.001 | |||||
| Clinical status on admission | Stable | ||||||||
| Unstable | 1.17 | 0.82 | 1.66 | 0.383 | |||||
| Primary diagnoses | VSD | ||||||||
| Hypoplastic left heart/mitral atresia | 7.58 | 5.20 | 11.04 | <0.0001 | |||||
| Tricuspid atresia | 4.05 | 2.45 | 6.69 | <0.0001 | |||||
| Double inlet ventricle | 3.31 | 2.07 | 5.29 | <0.0001 | |||||
| Pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum | 2.98 | 1.75 | 5.08 | <0.0001 | |||||
| Pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect | 2.98 | 2.01 | 4.42 | <0.0001 | |||||
| Common arterial trunk (truncus arteriosus) | 2.53 | 1.65 | 3.89 | <0.0001 | |||||
| Complete atrioventricular septal defect | 3.96 | 2.88 | 5.42 | <0.0001 | |||||
| Transposition of the great arteries | 1.36 | 0.97 | 1.90 | 0.074 | |||||
| Tetralogy of Fallot | 2.55 | 1.78 | 3.66 | <0.0001 | |||||
| Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection | 2.11 | 1.35 | 3.32 | 0.001 | |||||
| Aortic stenosis | 1.85 | 1.10 | 3.13 | 0.021 | |||||
| Pulmonary stenosis | 1.85 | 1.06 | 3.22 | 0.030 | |||||
| Coarctation of the aorta | 1.11 | 0.71 | 1.75 | 0.645 | |||||
| Miscellaneous | 2.52 | 1.67 | 3.80 | <0.0001 | |||||
| Procedure- related variables: constant | |||||||||
| Age at first procedure | per month increase | 0.90 | 0.86 | 0.93 | <0.0001 | ||||
| Procedure- related variables: time-varying | |||||||||
| Pre-procedure complications | None | ||||||||
| Inotropic support | 1.57 | 0.83 | 2.97 | 0.162 | |||||
| Intubation | 0.83 | 0.48 | 1.42 | 0.497 | |||||
| Seizures | 1.38 | 0.48 | 4.01 | 0.551 | |||||
| Sepsis | 2.69 | 1.27 | 5.71 | 0.010 | |||||
| Metabolic acidosis | 0.93 | 0.43 | 2.04 | 0.859 | |||||
| Hypertension | 3.78 | 1.23 | 11.60 | 0.020 | |||||
| Hypotension | 1.84 | 0.99 | 3.43 | 0.053 | |||||
| Post-procedure complications | None | ||||||||
| Seizures | 1.54 | 1.05 | 2.26 | 0.027 | |||||
| Cardiac arrest | 4.98 | 3.78 | 6.55 | <0.0001 | |||||
| Renal failure | 1.78 | 1.27 | 2.48 | 0.001 | |||||
| Stroke | 2.03 | 1.05 | 3.90 | 0.034 | |||||
| Sepsis | 1.46 | 1.09 | 1.95 | 0.010 | |||||
| Disseminated intravascular coagulopathy (DIC) | 6.44 | 3.78 | 10.95 | <0.0001 | |||||
| Extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) | 1.42 | 0.83 | 2.45 | 0.200 | |||||
| Re-intubation (after 24 hours extubation) | 0.97 | 0.73 | 1.30 | 0.851 | |||||
| Weight and height | |||||||||
| z-score weight | per one z-score unit increase | 0.92 | 0.85 | 1.00 | 0.048 | ||||
| z-score height | per one z-score unit increase | 0.87 | 0.81 | 0.93 | <0.0001 | ||||
| Intra-procedure | |||||||||
| Cardiopulmonary bypass duration | per 10 min increase | 1.03 | 1.01 | 1.05 | 0.001 | ||||
| Cardiac arrest duration | per 10 min increase | 1.10 | 1.08 | 1.12 | <0.0001 | ||||
| Aortic cross-clamping duration | per 10 min increase | 0.98 | 0.95 | 1.01 | 0.243 | ||||
*Adjusted for specialist cardiac centre; excludes children who did not have an intervention or who died on same day as birth.