Table 4.

Literature review of the human data regarding techniques for the treatment of symptomatic neuroma within the stump after previous major limb amputation

Study	Year	Technique	Number of patients	Extremity	Mean followup (months)	Number of patients lost to followup	Outcome summary	Notes
Martini and Fromm [32]	1989	Fascicular shortening and epineural sealing with tissue glue	36	8 UE 14 LE 25 digital	17	None	Complete relief in 28 patients; improvement in 5; no change in 3	Series included 14 patients with digital neuromas; limb subseries was not extractable from the presented data
Barberá and Albert-Pampló [4]	1993	Centrocentral anastomosis	22	22 LE	15	None	Resolution of neuroma pain in 21 patients; recurrent painful neuroma in 1
Koch et al. [26]	2003	Neuroma resection and vein implantation	23	13 UE 7 LE 3 digital	27	None	No pain in 12 patients; mild in 8; moderate in 2; severe in 1	Only 7 patients had amputation stump neuromas. this subseries was not extractable from the presented data
Ducic et al. [10]	2008	Neuroma excision with stump implantation into proximal muscle	21	1 UE 20 LE	23	None	Mean VAS pain score reduced from 8.04 to 1.07
Gruber et al. [19]	2008	Ultrasound-guided phenol injection	82	11 UE 71 LE	6	30/82	Median VAS pain score reduced from of 10 to 3	Patients underwent 1–3 treatment sessions
Kesikburun et al. [25]	2013	Ultrasound-guided steroid injection	14	14 LE	1.5	None	50% of patients had > 50% decrease in pain score
Current study	2014	Secondary targeted nerve implantation	23	7 UE 15 LE 1 shoulder	22	6/29	20 patients free of neuroma pain

Outcome data are simplified for concise presentation; the reader is directed to the references provided for details such as subgroup analysis and statistical calculations; small series later supplanted by larger series from the same group are excluded; UE = upper extremity; LE = lower extremity.