Table 2.

Studies examining the association between human antibodies to PfEMP1 and protection against malaria

Province, country	Study	Population (n)	Age	Antigena	Findingsb
Dodowa, Ghana	Dodoo et al. [239]	Children (118)	3–15 years	Recombinant DBLα domain	Plasma samples from most children recognised recombinant PfEMP1 No association between IgG to recombinant PfEMP1 and protection
Kilifi, Kenya	Mackintosh et al. [289]	Children	<10 years	Recombinant A4 PfEMP1 domains	Anti-DBLα antibodies in those who were parasite negative at baseline were associated with protection No association between antibodies to other domains and protection
Sudan	Staalsoe et al. [252]	Children	–	Synthetic peptides to conserved regions of PfEMP1 (same epitope as Dodoo et al. 2001)	IgG levels higher in asymptomatic infection compared to febrile malaria
Tanga, Tanzania	Magistrado et al. [290]	Children	0–19 years	Recombinant DBLα, DBL2γ, CIDR2β (3D7)	In children (4–9 years), the presence of antibodies were associated with reduced numbers of malaria episodes
Kilifi, Kenya	Chan et al. [102]	Children (296)	1–10 years	Reference parasites (3D7, E8B) and genetically-modified parasites	PfEMP1 is a dominant target of antibodies and PfEMP1-specific antibodies were associated with protection against symptomatic malaria

PubMed was searched for studies that examined the association between acquired human antibodies to recombinant PfEMP1 and protection against malaria, without an exclusion criterion, and attempts were made to include most studies

^aAntibodies were measured by ELISA except for Chan et al. where antibodies were measured to native PfEMP1 by flow cytometry

^bNot all findings are listed for all studies