Figure 1.

Experimental setup and procedure for Experiment 1. A, Participants manipulated the cursor on the display by moving the handle of the manipulandum with their wrists. The coil of the TMS was placed on the left M1. B, The forearm was in a semisupinated position. A target appeared in one of eight equally spaced positions. The radial–ulnar and extension–flexion movements around the wrist joint corresponded to up–down and right–left motions of the cursor, respectively. C, Trial flow for the delayed reaching task in Experiment 1. TMS was applied at target appearance (T0), 2 s after target appearance (T2000), or 0.2 s after the Go signal (G200). D, Task procedure for Experiment 1. During the learning and test sessions, a velocity-dependent CW curl force field was applied to the handle.