Table 3.
Characteristics of Inverse Probability–Weighted Patients Receiving Extended-Release Injectable Naltrexone Hydrochloride (Naltrexone XR), Oral Naltrexone, Disulfiram, or Acamprosate Calcium
| Variable | Naltrexone XR (n = 295) |
Oral Naltrex- one (n = 2064) |
Disulfiram (n = 2076) |
Acamprosate (n = 5068) |
P Value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Naltrexone XR vs Oral Naltrexone |
Naltrexone XR vs Disulfiram |
Naltrex- one XR vs Acamprosate |
|||||
| Male sex, % | 53.3 | 59.3 | 58.0 | 58.5 | .12 | .22 | .16 |
| Age group, y, % | |||||||
| 18–34 | 15.7 | 15.5 | 16.2 | 16.2 | .93 | .86 | .85 |
| 35–44 | 23.0 | 25.4 | 24.3 | 25.1 | .46 | .68 | .49 |
| 45–54 | 40.6 | 36.8 | 36.5 | 36.6 | .34 | .29 | .29 |
| 55–64 | 20.8 | 22.3 | 23.0 | 22.1 | .60 | .46 | .64 |
| Geographic region, % | |||||||
| Northeast | 13.8 | 11.5 | 11.7 | 11.5 | .29 | .36 | .29 |
| North central | 35.2 | 32.2 | 32.0 | 32.4 | .43 | .39 | .45 |
| South | 30.1 | 34.0 | 33.8 | 33.7 | .22 | .25 | .24 |
| West | 20.1 | 21.4 | 21.8 | 21.6 | .70 | .63 | .66 |
| Relationship to employee, % | |||||||
| Self | 57.4 | 60.5 | 60.1 | 60.4 | .41 | .48 | .42 |
| Spouse or partner | 37.5 | 33.8 | 34.2 | 33.8 | .32 | .38 | .31 |
| Child or dependent | 5.2 | 5.7 | 5.7 | 5.9 | .77 | .76 | .71 |
| Neighborhood characteristics | |||||||
| Median household income, mean (SD), $ | 53,061 (110,469) | 51,738 (37,883) | 51,631 (39,480) | 51,719 (24,714) | .35 | .32 | .33 |
| % Below poverty level | 9.0 | 9.0 | 9.1 | 9.0 | .93 | .89 | >.99 |
| % African American | 8.1 | 8.9 | 9.0 | 8.9 | .41 | .33 | .32 |
| % College graduate | 30.1 | 28.1 | 28.3 | 28.1 | .11 | .14 | .10 |
| Preperiod psychiatric comorbidity diagnosis | |||||||
| % With alcohol use disorder | 39.3 | 44.4 | 43.1 | 42.5 | .15 | .28 | .34 |
| % With drug abuse or dependence | 12.5 | 12.8 | 13.2 | 13.2 | .87 | .74 | .74 |
| % With schizophrenia | 0.5 | 0.9 | 0.7 | 0.6 | .41 | .67 | .86 |
| % With bipolar disorder | 11.5 | 10.2 | 9.6 | 8.8 | .54 | .36 | .15 |
| % With depression | 35.2 | 34.7 | 37.0 | 35.0 | .90 | .62 | .96 |
| % With anxiety disorder | 9.6 | 10.2 | 9.9 | 11.0 | .78 | .88 | .50 |
| % With any psychiatric comorbidity | 46.7 | 44.9 | 46.1 | 45.2 | .63 | .88 | .68 |
| No. of psychiatric diagnoses, mean (SD) | 0.57 (0.79) | 0.56 (0.76) | 0.57 (0.84) | 0.55 (0.71) | .88 | .94 | .75 |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index, mean (SD) | 0.28 (4.75) | 0.24 (1.76) | 0.26 (1.75) | 0.26 (1.08) | .53 | .73 | .70 |
| Chronic disease score, mean (SD) | 2.57 (14.51) | 2.69 (6.12) | 2.78 (6.28) | 2.72 (3.90) | .50 | .25 | .39 |
| Pre–index date utilization, % | |||||||
| Detoxification admission | 15.1 | 16.9 | 17.9 | 17.1 | .45 | .26 | .36 |
| Alcoholism-related admission | 7.6 | 8.1 | 7.7 | 8.8 | .75 | .95 | .44 |
| Nonalcoholism-related admission | 15.2 | 12.6 | 13.8 | 12.4 | .38 | .67 | .34 |
| Alcoholism-related ED visit | 9.0 | 9.2 | 10.3 | 9.8 | .92 | .48 | .64 |
| Psychiatrist visit | 36.9 | 37.3 | 31.6 | 35.0 | .90 | .14 | .59 |
| Certified mental health counselor visit | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.6 | .86 | .71 | .74 |
| Drug copayment, mean (SD), $ | |||||||
| Naltrexone XR | 59 (294) | 63 (126) | 58 (123) | 63 (81) | .39 | .89 | .35 |
| Oral naltrexone | 23 (56) | 22 (23) | 22 (21) | 23 (15) | .29 | .51 | .38 |
| Disulfiram | 33 (94) | 35 (38) | 36 (37) | 35 (24) | .56 | .27 | .93 |
| Acamprosate | 10 (31) | 10 (16) | 10 (11) | 10 (9) | .21 | .14 | .31 |
| No. of psychiatrists per 1000 county-level population, mean (SD) | 0.13 (0.81) | 0.12 (0.27) | 0.12 (0.28) | 0.12 (0.17) | .38 | .38 | .35 |
ED indicates emergency department.