Comparison 1. Codeine 60 mg versus placebo.

Outcome or subgroup title	No. of studies	No. of participants	Statistical method	Effect size
1 Participants with ≥50% pain relief over 4 to 6 hours	17	2411	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.50 [1.30, 1.73]
1.1 Dental	7	1146	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.50 [1.08, 2.08]
1.2 Episiotomy	5	329	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.27 [1.02, 1.58]
1.3 Other mixed	6	936	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.66 [1.34, 2.07]
2 Participants using rescue medication within 4 to 6 hours	11	765	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.79 [0.69, 0.91]
3 Participants with ≥1 adverse event	12	798	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.26 [0.94, 1.67]