Table 5.

Characteristics of the review included safety culture

Reviews (n=9)	Description of included interventions	Type of studies included (no)	Targeted health care providers	Outcome reported		Pooled data (Y/N)	Results
				Other outcomes	MNCH specific outcomes
Burls 2006 [44]	Influenza vaccination	cRCT: 3 RCT: 03 Before/after studies: 05Surveys: 07	Health care workers in hospitals, nursing homes or the community in contact with high-risk individuals in HIC	Vaccination uptake		No	Range 5% - 45%
				Effectiveness			Narrative
Gould 2011 [48]	Hand hygiene	ITS: 02 RCT: 01 CBA: 01	Nurses, doctors and other allied health professionals (except operating theatre staff) in any hospital or community setting, (HIC)	Effectiveness		No	Multifaceted campaigns with social marketing or staff involvement appear to have an effect
Hollmeyer 2009 [45]	Identify self-reported reasons among HCW for vaccine acceptance or non-acceptance and to identify predictive factors that are statistically associated with influenza vaccine acceptance.	13 studies	Physicians, nurses or both and not support staff or para/non-medical personnel	Self-reported reasons		No	If HCW get immunized against influenza, they do so primarily for their own benefit and not for the benefit to their patients
				Predictive factors
Morello 2013 [50]	There were a number of different safety culture strategies tested, including leadership walk rounds, structured educational programs, team-based strategies, simulation-based training programs, multi-faceted unit-based programs and multi-component organizational interventions.	cRCT: 1 Pre-Post: 7 Historically controlled studies: 13	Any study on with health care workers within a hospital, hospital department or clinical unit	Leadership walk rounds		No	2/2 studies some to moderate effect
				Multi-faceted unit-based programs			6/7 studies some to moderate effect
				Multi-component organizational strategies			1 study showed no effect
				Structured educational programs			1/2 studies some to moderate effect
				Simulation-based training programs			1/4 studies some to moderate effect
				Team based strategies			1/3 studies some to moderate effect
				Other patient safety culture strategies			1/2 studies some to moderate effect
Nascimanto 2009 [64]	Safety culture and patient safety	48 references	General health care environment			No	Narrative
Ng 2011 [46]	Influenza vaccination	RCT: 03		Mean number of working days lost		Yes	0.08 (0.19 to 0.02)
				Days with ILI symptoms			0.12 ( 0.3 to 0.06)
				RR of ILI episodes			1.14 ( 0.15 to 8.52)
Royal 2006 [49]	Interventions applied in primary care which aimed to reduce drug-related morbidity, hospitalization or death resulting from medication overuse or misuse.	38 studies	Pharmacist, Nurses, healthcare professionals in HIC	Hospital admission in pharmacist led intervention		Yes	0.64 (0.43- 0.96)
				Complex interventions to reduce fall in elderly			0.91 (0.68-1.21)
Seale 2011 [47]	Any study examining seasonal influenza vaccination (uptake, attitudes and/or programs) among Australian hospital Health care workers was included.	10 studies	Health care workers in Australia	Policies and implementation of vaccine protocols		No	16 to 77% coverage of vaccination after intervention compared to 8 to 50% coverage before intervention
Weaver 2013 [51]	20 studies explicitly included team training or tools to improve team communication processes, 8 explicitly included some form of executive walk rounds or interdisciplinary rounding, and 8 explicitly used comprehensive unit based safety program (CUSP).	Pre–post studies: 27 RCT: 4 Observational: 3	Any health care professionals or paraprofessionals practicing in adult or pediatric inpatient settings	CUSP Staff perceptions of safety culture		No	6/8 studies reported statistically significant improvements in
				Safety culture score			23/32 studies reported improvement
				Patient outcomes			6/11 studies reported improvement