FIG. 1.

Procedure for preparation and implantation of autologous bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell–derived extracellular matrix (aBMSC-dECM) scaffolds. Bone marrow was aspirated from the iliac crest. Then, the isolated mononuclear cells were cultured at high density for 1 month. The aBMSC-dECM membrane was collected from the bottom of the culture plate. The aBMSC-dECM scaffold was fabricated by crosslinking and freeze-drying, and then implanted into a cartilage defect after bone marrow stimulation (BMS). Color images available online at www.liebertpub.com/tea