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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Sep 11.
Published in final edited form as: Curr Opin Oncol. 2012 May;24(3):251–257. doi: 10.1097/CCO.0b013e32835105b3

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Mechanisms of AR pathway activation in CRPC. 1) AR gene amplification. 2) Rb increases E2F1 activity and AR transcription. 3) Low AR activity leads to increased AR expression via an enhancer element. Increased AR transcriptional activity recruits LSD1 to exert negative feedback on this pathway. 4) mRNA splicing generates LBD-deficient AR variants. 5) Extra-testicular ligand production maintains AR transcriptional activity. 6) ARVs induce ligand-independent expression of ARGs. ARG* represents the differential transcription program activated by some ARVs. 7) AR cofactors, such as NCOA2, amplify the magnitude of AR signaling.