Table 2. Average concentrations (mM plasma) and SEM of metabolites for summer euthermic (EU) arctic ground squirrels, winter interbout arousal (IBA) arctic ground squirrels, and rats immediately before and three hours after hemorrhagic shock (HS) or sham (SHS).
| Metabolite | ppm | Trt | EU-AGS | IBA-AGS | Rat | ANOVA p | Interaction or Main Effect | |||||||
| Before | After | Before | After | Before | After | |||||||||
| Hydrophilic metabolites by 1H–NMR | ||||||||||||||
| Acetate | 1.91 | HS | 0.075±0.018 | 0.086±0.011 | 0.090±0.009 | 0.097±0.009 | 0.165±0.011 | 0.028±0.023 | 0.0009 | time × × group × treatment | ||||
| SHS | 0.079±0.011 | 0.099±0.006 | 0.075±0.006 | 0.082±0.011 | 0.153±0.010 | 0.170±0.023 | ||||||||
| Alanine | 1.47 | HS | 0.357±0.055 | 0.683±0.104 | 0.551±0.152 | 0.940±0.180 | 0.770±0.078 | 1.945±0.195 | 0.0007 | time × group × treatment | ||||
| SHS | 0.479±0.067 | 0.640±0.094 | 0.316±0.031 | 0.394±0.333 | 0.763±0.066 | 0.926±0.159 | ||||||||
| Glutamine | 2.44 | HS | 1.150±0.123 | 1.446±0.049 | 2.753±0.353 | 2.214±0.094 | 1.740±0.075 | 1.958±0.055 | 0.0086 | time × group × treatment | ||||
| SHS | 1.122±0.069 | 1.472±0.102 | 2.936±0.668 | 3.585±0.643 | 1.605±0.090 | 1.882±0.081 | ||||||||
| Histidine | 7.05 | HS | 0.073±0.010 | 0.090±0.008 | 0.070±0.007 | 0.082±0.010 | 0.059±0.007 | 0.064±0.019 | 0.0126 | time × group × treatment | ||||
| SHS | 0.086±0.008 | 0.094±0.011 | 0.085±0.007 | 0.067±0.018 | 0.068±0.003 | 0.115±0.007 | ||||||||
| DBHB | 1.20 | HS | 0.238±0.068 | 0.334±0.057 | 1.765±0.683 | 0.861±0.252 | 0.894±0.043 | 0.747±0.042 | 0.0329 | time × group × treatment | ||||
| SHS | 0.264±0.059 | 0.493±0.063 | 2.883±1.093 | 3.576±1.111 | 0.924±0.118 | 0.960±0.215 | ||||||||
| Lactate | 4.11 | HS | 1.768±0.235 | 3.402±0.611 | 2.291±0.231 | 3.674±0.421 | 1.665±0.069 | 7.573±0.431 | <0.0001 | time × group × treatment | ||||
| SHS | 2.497±0.406 | 3.124±0.379 | 2.123±0.105 | 2.189±0.231 | 1.972±0.204 | 3.537±0.500 | ||||||||
| Tyrosine | 6.88 | HS | 0.069±0.009 | 0.109±0.026 | 0.035±0.008 | 0.037±0.008 | 0.054±0.007 | 0.201±0.036 | 0.0002 | time × group × treatment | ||||
| SHS | 0.060±0.005 | 0.074±0.013 | 0.050±0.005 | 0.034±0.007 | 0.058±0.003 | 0.058±0.009 | ||||||||
| Lysine | 1.71 | HS | 0.471±0.042 | 0.674±0.050 | 0.583±0.139 | 0.523±0.048 | 0.754±0.061 | 1.513±0.087 | 0.0032 | time × group × treatment | ||||
| SHS | 0.483±0.043 | 0.593±0.038 | 0.440±0.051 | 0.5234±0.048 | 0.677±0.072 | 0.838±0.166 | ||||||||
| Succinate | 2.40 | HS | 0.034±0.005 | 0.058±0.008 | 0.153±0.059 | 0.094±0.019 | 0.109±0.004 | 0.226±0.024 | <0.0001 | time × group | ||||
| SHS | 0.033±0.004 | 0.054±0.006 | 0.340±0.106 | 0.2454±0.087 | 0.105±0.009 | 0.143±0.020 | ||||||||
| Allantoin | 5.37 | HS | 0.124±0.013 | 0.187±0.020 | 0.696±0.391 | 0.475±0.118 | 0.081±0.008 | 0.409±0.023 | 0.0405 | time × group | ||||
| SHS | 0.232±0.070 | 0.248±0.042 | 0.239±0.030 | 0.189±0.033 | 0.096±0.010 | 0.252±0.040 | ||||||||
| Betaine | 3.27 | HS | 1.120±0.308 | 1.191±0.302 | 1.158±0.154 | 1.017±0.054 | 0.814±0.186 | 2.176±0.379 | 0.0079 | time × group | ||||
| SHS | 0.838±0.072 | 0.826±0.089 | 0.843±0.093 | 1.316±0.599 | 0.549±0.056 | 1.033±0125 | ||||||||
| Formate | 8.45 | HS | 0.174±0.108 | 0.196±0.035 | 0.266±0.056 | 0.564±0.066 | 0.162±0.021 | 0.178±0.026 | 0.0001 | time × group | ||||
| SHS | 0.084±0.008 | 0.238±0.055 | 0.268±0.019 | 0.480±0.031 | 0.156±0.023 | 0.191±0.018 | ||||||||
| Phenylalanine | 7.31 | HS | 0.105±0.014 | 0.177±0.024 | 0.080±0.014 | 0.104±0.006 | 0.118±0.010 | 0.249±0.026 | <0.0001 | time × group | ||||
| SHS | 0.094±0.009 | 0.127±0.009 | 0.073±0.008 | 0.062±0.005 | 0.109±0.003 | 0.162±0.009 | ||||||||
| Pyruvate | 2.36 | HS | 0.129±0.020 | 0.198±0.026 | 0.185±0.027 | 0.224±0.024 | 0.140±0.006 | 0.321±0.012 | <0.0001 | time × group | ||||
| SHS | 0.127±0.018 | 0.195±0.026 | 0.108±0.010 | 0.141±0.013 | 0.156±0.018 | 0.257±0.031 | ||||||||
| Creatinine | 4.05 | HS | 0.093±0.033 | 0.092±0.017 | 0.094±0.019 | 0.109±0.021 | 0.059±0.015 | 0.251±0.021 | 0.0002 | time × group | ||||
| SHS | 0.167±0.029 | 0.215±0.056 | 0.154±0.019 | 0.114±0.044 | 0.096±0.021 | 0.197±0.025 | ||||||||
| Valine | 1.04 | HS | 0.316±0.046 | 0.446±0.031 | 0.295±0.055 | 0.278±0.034 | 0.341±0.021 | 0.396±0.033 | 0.0005 | time × group | ||||
| SHS | 0.332±0.034 | 0.167±0.029 | 0.206±0.019 | 0.233±0.013 | 0.309±0.028 | 0.283±0.013 | ||||||||
| Creatine | 3.93 | HS | 0.425±0.071 | 0.675±0.181 | 0.408±0.075 | 0.349±0.032 | 0.452±0.023 | 1.215±0.070 | <0.0001 | time group | ||||
| SHS | 0.412±0.024 | 0.568±0.049 | 0.374±0.034 | 0.382±0.065 | 0.474±0.021 | 0.951±0.085 | ||||||||
| Glutamate | 2.34 | HS | 0.169±0.014 | 0.231±0.011 | 0.455±0.119 | 0.365±0.039 | 0.294±0.021 | 0.508±0.043 | <0.0001 | time × group | ||||
| SHS | 0.210±0.029 | 0.259±0.028 | 0.359±0.024 | 0.281±0.024 | 0.279±0.024 | 0.350±0.026 | ||||||||
| Acetoacetate | 2.22 | HS | 0.560±0.089 | 1.086±0.177 | 0.870±0.212 | 1.633±0.419 | 1.030±0.166 | 1.994±0.254 | 0.0073 | time × treatment | ||||
| SHS | 0.723±0.151 | 1.753±0.419 | 1.838±0.177 | 3.942±0.637 | 1.110±0.138 | 3.320±0.752 | ||||||||
| Cholines | 3.21 | HS | 0.725±0.213 | 0.651±0.064 | 0.535±0.073 | 0.535±0.032 | 0.289±0.022 | 0.380±0.032 | <0.0001 | group | ||||
| SHS | 0.834±0.085 | 0.894±0.096 | 0.829±0.060 | 0.745±0.053 | 0.313±0.011 | 0.391±0.023 | ||||||||
| Glycine | 3.55 | HS | 0.670±0.164 | 1.055±0.049 | 1.537±0.271 | 1.372±0.107 | 1.408±0.103 | 1.649±0.077 | 0.0021 | group | ||||
| SHS | 0.696±0.161 | 0.899±0.149 | 0.719±0.144 | 1.135±0.283 | 1.123±0.193 | 1.403±0.157 | ||||||||
| Threonine | 4.24 | HS | 0.475±0.114 | 0.542±0.082 | 0.329±0.051 | 0.319±0.050 | 0.399±0.070 | 0.658±0.085 | 0.0122 | group | ||||
| SHS | 0.603±0.089 | 0.662±0.095 | 0.497±0.065 | 0.325±0.136 | 0.469±0.047 | 0.512±0.051 | ||||||||
| Isoleucine | 1.01 | HS | 0.160±0.015 | 0.227±0.012 | 0.399±0.204 | 0.272±0.061 | 0.186±0.013 | 0.188±0.015 | n/a | |||||
| SHS | 0.194±0.026 | 0.232±0.024 | 0.119±0.019 | 0.137±0.012 | 0.163±0.015 | 0.141±0.005 | ||||||||
| Isobutyrate | 1.17 | HS | 0.223±0.083 | 0.236±0.091 | 0.524±0.119 | 0.524±0.127 | 1.105±0.332 | 0.647±0.121 | n/a | |||||
| SHS | 0.777±0.349 | 2.963±1.921 | 0.957±0.319 | 1.560±0.640 | 1.319±0.324 | 2.205±0.997 | ||||||||
| Leucine | 0.96 | HS | 0.390±0.047 | 0.509±0.029 | 0.778±0.346 | 0.569±0.108 | 0.377±0.022 | 0.433±0.032 | n/a | |||||
| SHS | 0.437±0.057 | 0.489±0.039 | 0.330±0.045 | 0.331±0.022 | 0.349±0.028 | 0.317±0.012 | ||||||||
| Lipophilic metabolites by 1H–NMR | ||||||||||||||
| Total Triglycerides | 0.87 | HS | 24.433±6.322 | 33.194±5.831 | 101.047±26.995 | 168.324±71.707 | 16.813±2.778 | 11.310±1.180 | 0.0004 | group | ||||
| SHS | 77.615±40.553 | 73.733±21.553 | 70.655±13.842 | 69.278±19.516 | 21.048±4.796 | 24.020±6.859 | ||||||||
| Cholesterol | 0.70 | HS | 3.156±0.775 | 4.144±0.719 | 10.115±2.288 | 13.042±5.152 | 2.383±0.412 | 1.716±0.212 | 0.0012 | group | ||||
| SHS | 6.500±2.259 | 7.594±1.950 | 8.118±1.6411 | 7.847±2.092 | 3.105±0.820 | 3.999±1.303 | ||||||||
| PUFA | 2.85 | HS | 6.482±1.914 | 8.055±1.092 | 12.278±2.417 | 17.120±7.362 | 7.840±1.403 | 5.217±0.658 | n/a | |||||
| SHS | 13.126±5.265 | 15.178±3.400 | 10.684±2.931 | 10.937±2.931 | 9.460±2.440 | 12.453±4.016 | ||||||||
| TAG | 4.17 | HS | 2.889±0.811 | 3.858±0.753 | 14.737±4.901 | 27.610±12.470 | 1.446±0.283 | 1.044±0.158 | n/a | |||||
| SHS | 12.421±7.879 | 10.259±3.442 | 9.348±1.859 | 9.166±2.675 | 1.773±0.411 | 2.120±0.601 | ||||||||
| Phosphotidyl Ethanolamine | 3.10 | HS | 1.590±0.0.523 | 1.396±0.209 | 3.004±0.710 | 3.205±1.611 | 1.503±0.294 | 1.106±0.490 | n/a | |||||
| SHS | 2.209±1.093 | 2.968±0.778 | 2.173±0.750 | 2.090±0.372 | 1.531±0.646 | 1.908±0.513 | ||||||||
| Cholines | 3.23 | HS | 4.148±1.100 | 5.491±0.851 | 12.440±2.804 | 14.731±6.734 | 2.222±0.282 | 1.668±0.246 | n/a | |||||
| SHS | 8.510±2.815 | 10.543±2.911 | 11.330±2.605 | 10.872±3.205 | 1.904±0.512 | 3.655±0.850 | ||||||||
| UFA | 5.35 | HS | 19.306±5.049 | 25.757±4.356 | 75.364±20.803 | 130.103±57.518 | 14.479±2.837 | 10.251±1.584 | n/a | |||||
| SHS | 61.280±34.619 | 59.608±19.031 | 53.775±10.450 | 53.164±15.240 | 13.466±4.007 | 26.537±6.486 | ||||||||
Group was defined as EU-AGS vs. IBA-AGS vs. rat. Treatment indicated sham vs. hemorrhagic shock. For all lipophilic parameters, difference in group was IBA>rat. ANOVA analysis included sham surgery animals as a treatment. n = 5–7 for all groups. ANVOA value and significant differences (p<0.05, Tukey) are indicated. TAG, triacylglycerol; PUFA, Polyunsaturated fatty acids; UFA, unsaturated fatty acids.