Fig. 7.

The effects of non-symmetric waveforms on membrane potential and activation/inactivation of ion channels under the block electrode when stimulation frequency is 80 kHz. The legends in (b) indicate the types of waveform: symmetric and non-symmetric with a 0.4 µs difference in pulse width between the positive and negative pulses. (a) Change of membrane potentials, (b) Na⁺ channel activation, (c) Na⁺ channel inactivation, (d) K⁺ channel activation. Stimulation waveforms: 80 kHz at block threshold intensities. Axon diameter: 2 µm. Abscissa: time in ms after the start of blocking stimulation