TABLE 4—
Associations Between Class Membership and Outcomes: Nurse–Family Partnership; Memphis, TN; June 1990–April 1994, July 2003–December 2006
| Outcome (When Data Collected) | High Attenders,a % or Mean (SE) | Increasing Attenders,a % or Mean (SE) | Low Attenders,a % or Mean (SE) | Full Control Group, % or Mean (SE) |
| Subsequent pregnancy (24 mo) | ||||
| Intervention group | 41*b | 41 | 28**c | |
| Matched control group subsampled | 47 | 48 | 47 | 48 |
| Home environmente (24 mo) | ||||
| Intervention group | 31.7*b,c (5.7) | 31.2 (6.8) | 32.8**b (5.2) | |
| Matched control group subsampled | 30.7 (5.7) | 30.2 (5.9) | 31.9 (5.5) | 31.0 (5.7) |
| Math achievementf (12 y) | ||||
| Intervention group | 87.3*c (11.7) | 83.6 (9.1) | 89.9 (9.6) | |
| Matched control group subsampled | 86.0 (9.9) | 85.9 (10.3) | 88.4 (10.5) | 86.8 (10.3) |
| Reading achievementf (12 y) | ||||
| Intervention group | 88.4 (11.6) | 86.4 (10.5) | 91.6 (11.8) | |
| Matched control group subsampled | 89.4 (12.2) | 88.7 (12.7) | 91.1 (11.2) | 89.8 (12.1) |
| Internalizing problem behaviorsg (12 y) | ||||
| Intervention group | 26 | 20 | 27 | |
| Matched control group subsampled | 31 | 31 | 31 | 32 |
Note. Intervention group (n = 212) had 48% in high attendance, 18% in increasing attendance, and 33% in low attendance. The control group (n = 514) had imputed class membership of 39% in high attendance, 27% in increasing attendance, and 34% in low attendance. We tested outcomes between classes for the intervention group only and did not find any significant associations.
High attenders attended at least 50% of recommended visits throughout the program. Increasing attenders had low visit attendance early in the program but increased attendance during the first year of the child’s life. Low attenders had high attendance before birth but decreased attendance after birth.
Contrast of each class to the full control group.
Contrast of each class to the matched control group.
We used multiple imputation with chained equations to create matched subsamples of the control group on the basis of intake variables.
Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment. Higher scores indicate a home environment that better supports child development.
Peabody Individual Achievement Test at 12 years, low-resource only. (We defined low-resource mothers as the bottom 50% of the sample for an aggregate measure of baseline IQ, mastery [the extent to which the mother believes she can control her own life outcomes, and parenting self-efficacy.) Higher scores indicate greater achievement. Intervention group (n = 113) had 52% in high attendance, 20% in increasing attendance, and 27% in low attendance. The average control group per imputation (n = 256) had imputed class membership of 42% in high attendance, 32% in increasing attendance, and 27% in low attendance.
Youth Self-Report (Achenbach), percentage of children with scores above the borderline clinical threshold.
*P < .05; **P < .01.