Table 1. Baseline characteristics of the study cohort in 12 months prior to the index date.
| SID* | Non-SID* | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Inflammatory bowel disease |
Psoriasis | Rheumatoid arthritis |
Systemic lupus erythematous |
|||
|
| ||||||
| N | 133,333 | 25,176 | 34,665 | 58,979 | 14,513 | 533,332 |
|
| ||||||
| Percentage or mean ± standard deviation | ||||||
| Follow-up period, years | 2.1 ±1.8 | 2.1 ±1.9 | 2.0 ± 1.8 | 2.1 ± 1.8 | 2.0 ± 1.8 | 2.1 ± 1.9 |
| Age, years | 50.3 ± 11.8 | 47.5 ± 12.0 | 49.0 ± 11.8 | 53.0 ± 11.3 | 47.7 ± 10.8 | 50.3 ± 11.8 |
|
| ||||||
| HPV infection-associated factors | ||||||
|
| ||||||
| Sexually active | 63 | 68 | 61 | 60 | 76 | 54 |
| Oral contraceptives | 11 | 16 | 12 | 9 | 9 | 10 |
| Non-oral contraceptives | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Smoking | 9 | 10 | 10 | 8 | 11 | 10 |
| Sexually transmitted diseases | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 3 |
| Substance abuse | 0.5 | 1 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 1 | 0.5 |
| Alcoholism | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.5 |
| Receipt of HPV vaccine | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.5 |
|
| ||||||
| Comorbidities | ||||||
|
| ||||||
| Comorbidity score a, median (IQR) |
0.3 ± 1.2 0 (0-1) |
0.5 ± 1.2 0 (0-1) |
0.2 ± 0.9 0 (0-0) |
0.3 ± 1.1 0 (0-1) |
0.7 ± 1.5 0 (0-1) |
−0.3 ± 1.2 −1 (−1-0) |
| Diabetes | 11 | 8 | 12 | 12 | 10 | 21 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 3 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 11 | 2 |
| Liver disease | 5 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 6 | 3 |
| Prior abnormal Pap smears | 4 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 5 | 3 |
|
| ||||||
| Medications | ||||||
|
| ||||||
| Systemic immunosuppressive drugs b |
35 | 13 | 20 | 57 | 21 | 1 |
| Systemic steroids | 38 | 27 | 17 | 52 | 46 | 14 |
| Cumulative steroid dose c, Median (IQR) |
387.5 (940.2) 0 (0-300) |
327.0 (928.7) 0 (0-105) |
77.6 (333.4) 0 (0-0) |
527.0 (1,018.3) 105 (0-605) |
665.5 (1,324.1) 0 (0-750) |
52.0 (299.9) 0 (0-0) |
| NSAIDs | 33 | 20 | 26 | 58 | 39 | 22 |
|
| ||||||
| Health care utilization | ||||||
|
| ||||||
| No. of total physician visits, median (IQR) |
9.6 ± 7.0 8 (5-12) |
8.5 ± 6.5 7 (4-11) |
8.0 ± 6.1 7 (4-10) |
10.5 ± 7.1 9 (6-14) |
11.3 ± 8.1 9 (6-15) |
6.7 ± 5.2 5 (3-9) |
| No. of GYN visits, median (IQR) |
0.8 ±1.9 0 (0-1) |
1.1 ± 2.1 0 (0-1) |
0.9 ± 2.0 0 (0-1) |
0.6 ±1.5 0 (0-1) |
1.0 ± 2.6 0 (0-1) |
0.8 ± 2.3 0 (0-1) |
| No. of emergency room visits, median (IQR) |
0.6 ± 2.9 0 (0-0) |
0.7 ± 3.1 0 (0-0) |
0.6 ± 3.0 0 (0-0) |
0.5 ± 2.6 0 (0-0) |
0.7 ± 3.0 0 (0-0) |
0.5 ± 2.6 0 (0-0) |
| No. of prescription drugs, median (IQR) |
9.8 ± 6.6 9 (5-13) |
9.3 ± 6.4 8 (5-12) |
8.5 ± 6.0 7 (4-11) |
10.6 ± 6.6 9 (6-14) |
11.2 ± 7.3 10 (6-15) |
7.8 ± 5.6 7 (4-11) |
| Acute hospitalizations | 16 | 24 | 10 | 14 | 23 | 15 |
|
| ||||||
| Preventive medical services | ||||||
|
| ||||||
| Pap smears | 44 | 50 | 45 | 40 | 44 | 41 |
| HPV DNA tests | 7 | 8 | 8 | 5 | 8 | 6 |
| Mammograms | 43 | 42 | 42 | 44 | 40 | 41 |
| Fecal occult blood tests | 12 | 13 | 12 | 12 | 11 | 11 |
| Serum cholesterol tests | 41 | 39 | 43 | 41 | 42 | 59 |
| Sigmoidoscopy/colonoscopy | 16 | 51 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 7 |
SID: systemic inflammatory disease, HPV: human papillomavirus, Pap: Papanicolaou, IQR: interquartile range
*
SID and non-SID cohorts are age- and index date-matched.
a
The range of combined comorbidity score is −2 to 26.
b
Systemic immunosuppressive drugs include azathioprine, cyclophosphamide, cyclosporine, hydroxyurea, leflunomide, methotrexate, 6- mercaptopurine, mycophenolate, pimecrolimus, tacrolimus, abatacept, adalimumab, alefacept, anakinra, certolizumab pegol, etanercept, golimumab, infliximab, rituximab, tocilizumab, and ustekinumab.
c
cumulative steroid dose equivalent to prednisone was calculated over the 365-day baseline period.