Table 2.

Means (SD) by race with tests of differences in clustering and validation variables

Variables	Whites	Blacks	β, Race differences
Drinking behavior
Heavy episodic drinking, age 20a	56.55 (49.72)	23.93 (42.80)	-0.29***
Heavy episodic drinking, age 22a	62.50 (48.56)	26.38 (44.21)	-0.34***
Drunkenness, age 20	2.23 (1.61)	1.06 (1.32)	-1.16***
Drunkenness, age 22	2.39 (1.53)	1.17 (1.24)	-1. 22***
Alcohol problems, age 20	3.78 (5.67)	2.24 (4.29)	-1.55**
Alcohol problems, age 22	3.73 (5.34)	2.84 (4.63)	-0.91
Family factors
Parental guidelines	3.32 (0.57)	3.48 (0.57)	0.16*
Parental monitoring	3.28 (0.46)	3.31 (0.54)	0.04
Attachment to parents	101.38 (21.14)	97.18 (22.33)	-4.20
Parental normsa	75.10 (43.25)	76.94 (42.12)	0.10
Consistent discipline	3.85 (0.56)	3.65 (0.72)	-0.20***
Parental alcohol usea	76.07 (42.67)	48.87 (49.99)	-1.20***
Individual factors
Religious conservatism	2.46 (1.44)	3.49 (1.44)	1.03***
Ethnic identity exploration	2.12 (0.65)	2.40 (0.72)	0.28***
Ethnic identity affirmation	2.81 (0.66)	3.37 (0.64)	0.56***
Delinquency	1.18 (1.85)	1.39 (2.01)	0.21

^aMeans and standard deviations are in percentages.

^*p < .05;

^**p < .01;

^***p < .001.