Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of patients with aortic stenosis and control individuals∗
| Control individuals (n = 33) | Aortic stenosis (n = 133) | P | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Clinical characteristics | |||
| Age, mean years ± SD | 54 ± 23 | 68 ± 12 | < 0.01 |
| Male sex, n (%) | 18 (55) | 89 (67) | 0.40 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 9 (27) | 85 (64) | < 0.01 |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 0 | 18 (14) | — |
| Coronary artery disease, n (%) | 3 (9) | 44 (33) | 0.01 |
| Atrial fibrillation, n (%) | 0 | 3 (2) | — |
| Echocardiography | |||
| LVOT diameter, cm | 2.05 ± 0.17 | 2.07 ± 0.24 | 0.66 |
| LVOT cross-sectional area, cm2 | 3.30 ± 0.55 | 3.39 ± 0.85 | 0.60 |
| LVOT velocity time integral, cm | 20.9 ± 3.7 | 23.5 ± 4.4 | 0.01 |
| Doppler stroke volume, mL | 70 ± 19 | 79 ± 19 | < 0.01 |
| Doppler stroke volume (indexed), mL/m2 | 38 ± 8 | 42 ± 10 | < 0.01 |
| Aortic valve area, cm2 | 2.36 ± 0.59 | 0.98 ± 0.40 | < 0.01 |
| Aortic valve area (indexed), cm2/m2 | 1.26 ± 0.26 | 0.52 ± 0.21 | < 0.01 |
| Mean pressure gradient, mm Hg | 4 ± 1 | 33 ± 20 | < 0.01 |
| Peak aortic velocity, m/s | 1.4 ± 0.2 | 3.8 ± 0.9 | < 0.01 |
| Dimensionless index | 0.72 ± 0.10 | 0.28 ± 0.09 | < 0.01 |
| Aortic valve calcium score, median (IQR) | 1 (1, 1) | 3 (3, 4) | < 0.01 |
| Valvuloarterial impedance, mm Hg/mL/m2 | 3.2 ± 0.7 | 4.0 ± 1.0 | 0.34 |
| End-diastolic volume, mL† | 93 ± 25 | 87 ± 26 | 0.17 |
| End-diastolic volume (indexed), mL/m2† | 50 ± 13 | 46 ± 13 | 0.12 |
| End-systolic volume, mL† | 41 ± 14 | 38 ± 14 | 0.29 |
| End-systolic volume (indexed), mL/m2† | 22 ± 7 | 20 ± 7 | 0.16 |
| Stroke volume, mL† | 51 ± 16 | 49 ± 14 | 0.48 |
| Stroke volume (indexed), mL/m2† | 28 ± 8 | 26 ± 7 | 0.16 |
| Ejection fraction, %† | 56 ± 9 | 57 ± 7 | 0.49 |
| Mild mitral regurgitation, n (%) | 2 (6) | 19 (14) | 0.37 |
| Mild aortic regurgitation, n (%) | 2 (6) | 57 (43) | < 0.01 |
| Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging | |||
| End-diastolic volume, mL | 140 ± 32 | 135 ± 35 | 0.47 |
| End-diastolic volume (indexed) (EDVi), mL/m2 | 75 ± 13 | 72 ± 16 | 0.34 |
| End-systolic volume, mL | 51 ± 15 | 46 ± 18 | 0.14 |
| End-systolic volume (indexed), mL/m2 | 27 ± 7 | 24 ± 9 | 0.08 |
| Stroke volume, mL | 89 ± 19 | 90 ± 22 | 0.81 |
| Stroke volume (indexed), mL/m2 | 47 ± 8 | 48 ± 10 | 0.59 |
| Ejection fraction, % | 64 ± 4 | 67 ± 7 | 0.02 |
| Left ventricular mass (indexed) (LVMi), g/m2 | 67 ± 15 | 89 ± 22 | < 0.01 |
| LVMi/EDVi, g/mL | 0.90 ± 0.13 | 1.25 ± 0.26 | < 0.01 |
EDVi, indexed end diastolic volume; IQR, interquartile range; LVMi, indexed left ventricular mass; LVOT, left ventricular outflow tract.
∗
Characteristics of patients with aortic stenosis were classified based on aortic valve area estimated using Doppler-derived stroke volume presented in Supplemental Table S1.
†
Estimated using the Teichholz formula.