Table 2.

Protocols that increase hepatitis B virus vaccination efficacy in hemodialysis patients

Protocols that increase HBV vaccination efficacy in HD patients
Second generation vaccine administration
Double dose and an extra dose of the 2nd generation HBV vaccine[35]
Intradermal route of the 2nd generation HBV vaccine[76,77]
Immunostimulants
Levamisole[78]
Granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor[79]
Thymopentin[80]
Recombinant interferon–α2b[81]
New Vaccines
Adjuvanted vaccines (HB-AS04, HB-AS02)[85-88]
3rd generation vaccine (pre-S1 and pre-S2 antigens)[89]

HBV: Hepatitis B virus; HD: Hemodialysis.