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. 2014 Sep 14;20(34):12182–12201. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i34.12182

Table 3.

Studies published on the effects of lifestyle changes in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease/nonalcoholic steatohepatitis patients

Ref. Year Study design1 Intervention1 Comparison Duration (mo) Histology ALT
Scaglioni et al[218] 2012 OP-CS D + E (n = 12) 3 N/A +
Thoma et al[67] 2012 SR D + E2 (n = 338) Control (n = 98) 3-12 N/A +
Keating et al[79] 2012 SR Exercise (n = 439) Non-exercise control 2-6 + -
Peng et al[66] 2011 SR D + E (n = 78) Control (n = 67) 1-12 N/A N/A
Browning et al[55] 2011 OP-CS Low-carbohydrate diet (n = 18) Hypocaloric diet (n = 18) 0.5 N/A +
Moscatiello et al[41] 2011 OP-CS Cognitive behavioral therapy (n = 68) D + E (n = 82) 24 N/A +
Kistler et al[73] 2011 OR-CS Intense exercise (n = 213) Moderate exercise (n = 162) and inactive (n = 438) + -
Elias et al[64] 2010 OP-CS Diet 55% carbohydrates, 15% proteins and 30% fat (n = 17) Control (n = 14) 6 N/A +
Hayward et al[72] 2010 RCT D + E (n = 28) Control 6 + +
2Promrat et al[45] 2010 RCT LSC (n = 21) Control (n = 10) 12 + +
3Kantartzis et al[32] 2009 OP-CS D + E (n = 50) Control (n = 120) 9 N/A +
St George et al[76] 2009 OP-CS Exercise (n = 141) Control (n = 34) 3 + +
Chen et al[33] 2008 OP-CS D + E (n = 16) Exercise (n = 23) or control (n = 15) 2.5 N/A +
Wang et al[34] 2008 OP-CS LSC (n = 19) Control (n = 38) 1 N/A +
Krasnoff et al[69] 2008 OT-S Exercise (n = 37) + N/A
Ryan et al[54] 2007 OP-CS Diet 60% Carbohydrates/25% fat (n = 26) Diet 40% Carbohydrates/45% fat (n = 26) 4 N/A +
Tendler et al[219] 2007 OP-CS Diet (n = 5) 6 + -
Zelber-Sagi et al[80] 2006 RCT D + E (n = 44) 6 + +
Thomas et al[220] 2006 OP-CS D + E (n = 10) 6 N/A +
Sreenivasa Baba et al[35] 2006 OP-CS D + E (n = 65) 6 N/A +
4Huang et al[49] 2005 OP-CS D + E (n = 23) 12 - +
Suzuki et al[59] 2005 OP-CS D + E (n = 348) 12 N/A +
Hickman et al[50] 2004 OP-CS D + E (n = 31) 15 + +
Okita et al[221] 2001 OP-CS Diet (n = 14) 6 N/A +
Knobler et al[222] 1999 OP-CS Diet (n = 48) 24 N/A +
5Ueno et al[36] 1997 OP-CS D + E (n = 15) Control (n = 10) 3 - +
Park et al[46] 1995 OP-CS D + E (n = 13) Control (n = 12) 12 N/A +
Palmer et al[47] 1990 OR-CS D + E (n = 39) 16 N/A +
Eriksson et al[223] 1986 OT-S Diet (n = 3) 12 N/A +

Adapted from Satapathy et al[37].

1

For systematic review (SR), show data from articles based on randomized controlled trials; observational retrospective cohort studies (OR-CS), data show a comparison between groups with and without the studied variable; for randomized controlled trials, data show a comparison between groups at the end of the study period; for observational prospective cohort studies (OP-CS, includes studies with a prospective comparison of cohorts, and sole cohort with before/after comparison), data show a comparison within the same group considering the start and the end of the intervention period; in cases of transversal studies (OS-T), data show a comparison between groups (according to the variable) in the study period; for SR, data show a comparison of randomized controlled trials;

2

Histologic improvement was observed in subjects who achieved a weight loss of ≥ 7%;

3

Subjects with a reduction in hepatic steatosis according to magnetic resonance spectroscopy showed a significant reduction in alanine aminotransferase;

4

Histologic improvement was observed in 9 of 15 subjects, which was not statistically significant regarding the comparison;

5

Significant reduction in steatosis only in the D + E group, compared with baseline data, without differences in any histological parameters compared with the control. D + E: Diet and exercise; N/A: Not available; +: Significant reduction; -: No significant difference; LSC: Lifestyle changes; ALT: alanine aminotransferase.