Table 1.
Factors associated with smoking status in a cross-sectional study, College Park, MD, n = 40
| Non-smokers* | Smokers | P value** | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | % | n | % | ||
| Vaginal community state type (CST)§ | 0.04 | ||||
| CST I, L. crispatus-dominated | 13 | 65.0 | 6 | 30.0 | |
| CST III, L. iners-dominated | 4 | 20.0 | 4 | 20.0 | |
| CST IV, Lactobacillus-deficient | 3 | 15.0 | 10 | 50.0 | |
| Nugent Gram stain score | 0.02 | ||||
| 0-3 | 17 | 85.0 | 10 | 50.0 | |
| 4-6 | 2 | 10.0 | 2 | 10.0 | |
| 7-10 | 1 | 5.0 | 8 | 40.0 | |
| Vaginal pH† | 0.13 | ||||
| <=4 | 10 | 50.0 | 4 | 20.0 | |
| 4.1-5.5 | 1 | 5.0 | 2 | 10.0 | |
| 4.6-5.0 | 4 | 20.0 | 3 | 15.0 | |
| > = 5.1 | 5 | 25.0 | 11 | 55.0 | |
| Age | <0.01 | ||||
| 18-28 | 17 | 85.0 | 5 | 25.0 | |
| 29-39 | 1 | 5.0 | 7 | 35.0 | |
| 40-45 | 2 | 10.0 | 8 | 40.0 | |
| Ethnicity | 0.16 | ||||
| African-American | 5 | 25.0 | 10 | 50.0 | |
| Asian/Pacific islander | 3 | 15.0 | 1 | 5.0 | |
| Hispanic | 3 | 15.0 | 0 | 0.0 | |
| Multi-racial | 1 | 5.0 | 3 | 15.0 | |
| White | 8 | 40.0 | 6 | 30.0 | |
| Marital status | 0.09 | ||||
| Never married | 17 | 85.0 | 10 | 50.0 | |
| Married | 2 | 10.0 | 4 | 20.0 | |
| Separated, divorced, widowed | 1 | 5.0 | 5 | 25.0 | |
| Other | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 5.0 | |
| Education, years | 0.06 | ||||
| 12 | 0 | 0.0 | 5 | 25.0 | |
| 13-16 | 18 | 90.0 | 13 | 65.0 | |
| > = 17 | 2 | 10.0 | 2 | 10.0 | |
| Biomarkers of smoking | |||||
| Cotinine, ng/ml | <0.01 | ||||
| 0-10 | 1 | 5.0 | 0 | 0.0 | |
| 11-30 | 17 | 85.0 | 0 | 0.0 | |
| 31-100 | 2 | 10.0 | 0 | 0.0 | |
| 101-200 | - | - | - | - | |
| 201-500 | - | - | - | - | |
| 501-1000 | 0 | 0.0 | 2 | 10.0 | |
| >1000 | 0 | 0.0 | 18 | 90.0 | |
| Carbon monoxide exhalation, ppm | <0.01 | ||||
| 0-7 | 20 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | |
| 8-10 | 0 | 0.0 | 11 | 55.0 | |
| 11+ | 0 | 0.0 | 9 | 45.0 | |
| Self-reported factors | |||||
| Number of cigarettes per day | <0.01 | ||||
| None | 20 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | |
| 1-10 | 0 | 0.0 | 11 | 55.0 | |
| 11-20 | 0 | 0.0 | 9 | 45.0 | |
| Symptoms in 24 hours prior to visit | |||||
| Odor | 5 | 25.0 | 3 | 15.0 | 0.70 |
| Irritation | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | - |
| Itching | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | - |
| Burning | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | - |
| Pain on urination | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | - |
| Discharge | 5 | 25.0 | 4 | 20.0 | >0.99 |
| Diagnoses in the prior 2 months | |||||
| None | 19 | 95.0 | 17 | 94.4 | 0.73 |
| Bacterial vaginosis | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 5.6 | |
| Trichomonas vaginalis and Chlamydia trachomatis | 1 | 5.0 | 0 | 0.0 | |
| Number of male sex partners in the prior 2 months | 0.63 | ||||
| 0 | 5 | 26.3 | 4 | 21.1 | |
| 1 | 11 | 57.9 | 14 | 73.7 | |
| 2-3 | 3 | 15.8 | 1 | 5.3 | |
| Number of female sex partners in the prior 2 months | 0.73 | ||||
| 0 | 16 | 94.1 | 14 | 93.3 | |
| 1 | 1 | 5.9 | 1 | 6.7 | |
| Lifetime number of sex partners | <0.01 | ||||
| 0-4 | 8 | 40 | 2 | 11.1 | |
| 5-7 | 9 | 45 | 1 | 5.6 | |
| 8+ | 3 | 15 | 15 | 83.3 | |
| Hormonal contraception (HC) | 0.19 | ||||
| Other, non-HC | 6 | 33.3 | 8 | 57.1 | |
| Oral contraceptive pill | 11 | 61.1 | 4 | 28.6 | |
| Injectable | 1 | 5.6 | 2 | 14.3 | |
| Frequency of vaginal douching in prior 2 months | 0.06 | ||||
| None | 18 | 90.0 | 12 | 63.2 | |
| Every now and then | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 5.3 | |
| 1–2 times per month | 1 | 5.0 | 5 | 26.3 | |
| 1 time per week | 1 | 5.0 | 0 | 0.0 | |
| More than one time per week | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 5.3 | |
| Sexual activity in prior 24 hours | 0.34 | ||||
| No vaginal intercourse | 15 | 75.0 | 10 | 50.0 | |
| Vaginal intercourse without a condom | 3 | 15.0 | 6 | 30.0 | |
| Vaginal intercourse with a condom | 2 | 10.0 | 4 | 20.0 | |
| Menstrual hygiene in prior 24 hours | >0.99 | ||||
| Sanitary napkin, no tampon | 11 | 57.9 | 11 | 64.7 | |
| Sanitary napkin only | 2 | 10.5 | 1 | 5.9 | |
| Tampon only | 4 | 21.1 | 4 | 23.5 | |
| Tampon and sanitary napkin | 2 | 10.5 | 1 | 5.9 | |
§CST defined by Ravel et al.44
*Non-smoker defined by self-report and 0–200 ng/ml on saliva cotinine test (NicAlert®) and 0–7 ppm on carbon monoxide exhalation (ppm), Bedfont Micro Smokerlyzer®.
**P- values determined by Fisher's exact test.
†CarePlan® VpH Test Glove.