Table 3.

Variables that may have directly controlled bird predation in 2011

Variable	df	t statistics	p	r 2
Phylogenetic isolation of host plant	18	−0.20	−0.83	2 × 10−3
Ectophagous Lepidoptera density	18	0.82	0.41	0.03
Insect herbivory	18	−0.11	0.91	0.02
Budburst phenology	18	−1.02	0.31	0.05
Diversity of the surrounding canopy	18	−0.30	0.76	5 × 10−3
Distance to the closest conspecific host tree	18	0.24	0.81	3 × 10−3
Species richness of the surrounding canopy	18	−0.67	0.50	0.02

Simple linear regression analyses testing the effects of phylogenetic isolation, insect herbivore density, diversity of the surrounding canopy, distance to the closest oak, insect herbivory, and budburst phenology on bird predation of ectophagous Lepidoptera in 2011