Table 1.
Demographic Information and Characteristics of Mothers and Infants, Cases and Controls, Norway Cleft Study (Case-Control) and MoBa (Cohort). Abbreviations: cleft lip +/− palate (CLP), cleft palate only (CPO).
| Norway Cleft Study | MoBa | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||
| Cases | Controls | Cases | Controls | |||
| CLP (n = 377) | CPO (n = 196) | (n = 763) | CLP (n=123) | CPO (n=61) | (n=551) | |
| No. (%) | No. (%) | No. (%) | No. (%) | No. (%) | No. (%) | |
| Mothers | ||||||
| Age, yr | ||||||
| <20 | 8 (2) | 6 (3) | 12 (1) | 0 | 4 (7) | 5 (<1) |
| 20–29 | 199 (53) | 105 (54) | 408 (54) | 68 (55) | 19 (31) | 243 (44) |
| 30–39 | 165 (44) | 81 (41) | 328 (43) | 51 (42) | 38 (62) | 289 (52) |
| ≥40 | 5 (1) | 4 (2) | 15 (2) | 4 (3) | 0 | 14 (3) |
| Education | ||||||
| Less than high school | 93 (16) | 87 (11) | 180 (13) | 4 (3) | 2 (3) | 9 (2) |
| High school or more | 478 (83) | 675 (89) | 1153 (86) | 108 (88) | 54 (89) | 501 (91) |
| Missing/Other | 1 (<1) | 1 (<1) | 1 (<1) | 11 (9) | 5 (8) | 41 (7) |
| Smoking | ||||||
| None | 244 (43) | 414 (54) | 658 (49) | 86 (70) | 46 (75) | 436 (79) |
| Passive | 90 (16) | 106 (14) | 196 (15) | 13 (11) | 8 (13) | 37 (7) |
| Active | 239 (42) | 243 (32) | 482 (36) | 14 (11) | 4 (7) | 39 (7) |
| Missing | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 (8) | 3 (5) | 39 (7) |
| Marital status | ||||||
| Married | 273 (48) | 405 (53) | 678 (51) | 54 (44) | 23 (38) | 245 (44) |
| Live-in | 273 (48) | 329 (43) | 602 (45) | 59 (48) | 35 (57) | 251 (46) |
| Single | 26 (4) | 28 (3) | 54 (4) | 1 (<1) | 0 | 11 (2) |
| Missing/Other | 1 (<1) | 1 (1) | 2 (<1) | 8 (7) | 3 (5) | 44 (8) |
| Alcohol beverages (first 3 months of pregnancy) | ||||||
| 0 | 360 (63) | 527 (69) | 887 (66) | 57 (93) | 101 (82) | 457 (83) |
| 1–3 | 107 (19) | 123 (16) | 230 (17) | 1 (2) | 3 (2) | 14 (3) |
| ≥4 | 110 (19) | 108 (14) | 218 (16) | 0 | 0 | 3 (<1) |
| Missing | 6 (1) | 5 (1) | 11 (1) | 3 (5) | 19 (16) | 77 (14) |
| Folic acid supplement | ||||||
| Yes | 214 (37) | 453 (59) | 667 (50) | 68 (55) | 38 (62) | 358 (65) |
| No | 359 (63) | 310 (41) | 669 (50) | 55 (45) | 23 (38) | 193 (35) |
| Folic acid supplement (highest exposed daily level); μg* | ||||||
| None | 240 (64) | 119 (61) | 453 (59) | |||
| 1–399 | 86 (23) | 46 (23) | 165 (22) | |||
| ≥400 | 51 (14) | 31 (16) | 145 (19) | |||
| Dietary folate (highest exposed daily level); μg* | ||||||
| 0–171 | 111 (31) | 62 (33) | 176 (25) | |||
| 172–214 | 88 (25) | 44 (23) | 177 (25) | |||
| 215–264 | 81 (23) | 36 (19) | 177 (25) | |||
| ≥265 | 74 (21) | 46 (25) | 174 (25) | |||
| Multivitamins* | ||||||
| Yes | 123 (33) | 71 (36) | 279 (37) | |||
| No | 254 (67) | 325 (64) | 484 (63) | |||
| Other birth defects* | 63 (17) | 78 (40) | 38 (5) | |||
| Parent with facial cleft* | 24 (6) | 12 (6) | 4 (0.5) | |||
*
Some characteristics were only available for the Norway Cleft Study mothers.