Skip to main content
. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Sep 12.
Published in final edited form as: Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2012 Jul 23;36(10):1811–1819. doi: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2012.01794.x

Table 2. Child Outcomes for Which Exposed and Unexposed Were Compared.

Outcome Prenatal alcohol exposed (N = 92)a n (valid%) Unexposed (N = 97)a n (valid%) p-Value
Growth
 Growth restrictionb Yes 25 (27.2) 12 (12.5) 0.0164
No 67 (72.8) 84 (87.5)
Face
 Abnormal faciesc (Direct Assessment) Yes 14 (17.3) 1 (1.1) 0.00018
No 67 (82.7) 88 (98.9)
 FAS phenotyped (Photograph analysis) Yes 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) NA
No 73 (100.0) 75 (100.0)
Unknown 7 1
CNS
 CNS: Structure
  OFC ≤ 10%e Yes 12 (15.0) 5 (5.7) 0.0455
No 68 (85.0) 83 (94.3)
 CNS: Function
  One or more functional abnormalities Yes 22 (44.0) 6 (13.6) 0.0015
No 28 (56.0) 38 (86.4)
  BSID, WPPSI, and/or WISC Standard Score ≤80f Yes 18 (35.3) 3 (6.3) 0.0004
No 33 (64.7) 45 (93.7)
  Language delayg Yes 29 (42.0) 19 (23.8) 0.0223
No 40 (58.0) 61 (76.3)
  Hyperactivityh Yes 15 (26.8) 1 (1.5) <0.0001
No 41 (73.2) 64 (98.5)
  Attention deficith Yes 8 (14.3) 3 (4.6) 0.1100
No 48 (85.7) 62 (95.4)

CNS, central nervous system; BSID, Bayley Scales of Infant Development; FAS, fetal alcohol syndrome; OCF, occipital frontal circumference; WISC, Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children; WPPSI, Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence.

a

Not all children had data for each outcome. Percentages are reported to reflect the proportion of children with an adverse outcome among the subset of children with data on that outcome.

b

Birth weight ≤ 10% or birth length ≤ 10% or the presence of at least 2 childhood weights or heights ≤ 10% on a standard Chilean growth chart.

c

Classification of abnormal facial features by a pediatric geneticist in Chile through direct examination of the child.

d

4-Digit Code FAS facial phenotype Rank 4: All 3 of the following: palpebral fissure length ≤ 3%, Smooth philtrum (Rank 4 or 5 on Lip-Philtrum Guide, and Thin upper lip (Rank 4 or 5 on Lip-Philtrum Guide).

e

One OCF (birth or later) ≤ 10th percentile.

f

BSID Mental Development Index (MDI), Physical Development Index (PDI); WPPSI: Full Scale IQ; WISC: Full Scale IQ.

g

Classified by the neurologist among the subset of children who had a neurodevelopmental evaluation at 1 year of age or older.

h

Classified by the neurologist among the subset of children who had a neurodevelopmental and behavioral evaluation at age 3 years or older.