Table 2. Child Outcomes for Which Exposed and Unexposed Were Compared.
| Outcome | Prenatal alcohol exposed (N = 92)a n (valid%) | Unexposed (N = 97)a n (valid%) | p-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Growth | ||||
| Growth restrictionb | Yes | 25 (27.2) | 12 (12.5) | 0.0164 |
| No | 67 (72.8) | 84 (87.5) | ||
| Face | ||||
| Abnormal faciesc (Direct Assessment) | Yes | 14 (17.3) | 1 (1.1) | 0.00018 |
| No | 67 (82.7) | 88 (98.9) | ||
| FAS phenotyped (Photograph analysis) | Yes | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | NA |
| No | 73 (100.0) | 75 (100.0) | ||
| Unknown | 7 | 1 | ||
| CNS | ||||
| CNS: Structure | ||||
| OFC ≤ 10%e | Yes | 12 (15.0) | 5 (5.7) | 0.0455 |
| No | 68 (85.0) | 83 (94.3) | ||
| CNS: Function | ||||
| One or more functional abnormalities | Yes | 22 (44.0) | 6 (13.6) | 0.0015 |
| No | 28 (56.0) | 38 (86.4) | ||
| BSID, WPPSI, and/or WISC Standard Score ≤80f | Yes | 18 (35.3) | 3 (6.3) | 0.0004 |
| No | 33 (64.7) | 45 (93.7) | ||
| Language delayg | Yes | 29 (42.0) | 19 (23.8) | 0.0223 |
| No | 40 (58.0) | 61 (76.3) | ||
| Hyperactivityh | Yes | 15 (26.8) | 1 (1.5) | <0.0001 |
| No | 41 (73.2) | 64 (98.5) | ||
| Attention deficith | Yes | 8 (14.3) | 3 (4.6) | 0.1100 |
| No | 48 (85.7) | 62 (95.4) | ||
CNS, central nervous system; BSID, Bayley Scales of Infant Development; FAS, fetal alcohol syndrome; OCF, occipital frontal circumference; WISC, Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children; WPPSI, Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence.
Not all children had data for each outcome. Percentages are reported to reflect the proportion of children with an adverse outcome among the subset of children with data on that outcome.
Birth weight ≤ 10% or birth length ≤ 10% or the presence of at least 2 childhood weights or heights ≤ 10% on a standard Chilean growth chart.
Classification of abnormal facial features by a pediatric geneticist in Chile through direct examination of the child.
4-Digit Code FAS facial phenotype Rank 4: All 3 of the following: palpebral fissure length ≤ 3%, Smooth philtrum (Rank 4 or 5 on Lip-Philtrum Guide, and Thin upper lip (Rank 4 or 5 on Lip-Philtrum Guide).
One OCF (birth or later) ≤ 10th percentile.
BSID Mental Development Index (MDI), Physical Development Index (PDI); WPPSI: Full Scale IQ; WISC: Full Scale IQ.
Classified by the neurologist among the subset of children who had a neurodevelopmental evaluation at 1 year of age or older.
Classified by the neurologist among the subset of children who had a neurodevelopmental and behavioral evaluation at age 3 years or older.