Table 4. Adjusted Odds Ratios and 95% CI for Adverse Child Outcomes by Maternal Alcohol Consumption Patterns During Pregnancy.
| Alcohol consumption during pregnancy |
Child outcome | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| Any abnormalitya | Growth restrictionb | Facial abnormalitiesc | OFC ≤ 10%d | BSID, WPPSI, and/or WISC Standard Score ≤80e |
Language delayf | Hyperactivityg | ||||||||
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| Adjusted ORh | p-Value | Adjusted ORh | p-Value | Adjusted ORh | p-Value | Adjusted ORh | p-Value | Adjusted ORh | p-Value | Adjusted ORh | p-Value | Adjusted ORh | p-Value | |
| Prior to recognition of pregnancy | ||||||||||||||
| Number of days per week mother binge drank (>60 g/d) (effect per each additional day mother binged) | 1.48 (1.15, 1.91) | 0.0023 | 1.25i (1.05, 1.49) | 0.01 | 1.80i (1.30, 2.50) | 0.0004 | 1.40i (1.08, 1.81) | 0.01 | 1.44 (1.10, 1.87) | 0.0070 | 1.09 (0.89, 1.34) | 0.39 | 1.55i (1.16, 2.07) | 0.0032 |
| Total number of drinks (12 g) per week (effect per each additional drink) | 1.02i (1.01, 1.04) | 0.0009 | 1.01 (1.00, 1.01) | 0.06 | 1.02 (1.01, 1.03) | 0.0061 | 1.02 (1.00, 1.03) | 0.02 | 1.02i (1.01, 1.04) | 0.0013 | 1.01 (1.00, 1.01) | 0.25 | 1.02 (1.01, 1.03) | 0.0030 |
| Average number of drinks per day alcohol was consumed (effect per each additional drink) | 1.05 (1.01, 1.09) | 0.01 | 1.02 (0.99, 1.04) | 0.20 | 1.05 (1.00, 1.09) | 0.04 | 1.03 (0.98, 1.07) | 0.17 | 1.06 (1.02, 1.10) | 0.0059 | 1.00 (0.97, 1.03) | 0.94 | 1.06 (1.02, 1.11) | 0.0039 |
| Maximum number of drinks in 1 day (effect per each additional drink) | 1.03 (1.01, 1.05) | 0.02 | 1.02 (1.00, 1.03) | 0.07 | 1.02 (0.99, 1.04) | 0.21 | 1.02 (1.00, 1.05) | 0.12 | 1.03 (1.00, 1.05) | 0.03 | 1.00 (0.98, 1.02) | 0.95 | 1.03 (1.01, 1.06) | 0.01 |
| After recognition of pregnancy | ||||||||||||||
| Number of days per week mother binge drank (>60 g/d) (effect per each additional day mother binged) | 1.41i (1.01, 1.95) | 0.04 | 1.09 (0.88, 1.35) | 0.43 | 2.01i (1.37, 2.93) | 0.0003 | 1.05 (0.73, 1.51) | 0.79 | 1.27 (0.95, 1.70) | 0.11 | 1.20 (0.95, 1.51) | 0.13 | 2.44i (1.53, 3.91) | 0.0002 |
| Total number of drinks (12 g) per week (effect per each additional drink) | 1.02 (1.00, 1.03) | 0.06 | 1.01 (1.00, 1.02) | 0.16 | 1.02 (1.01, 1.04) | 0.0052 | 1.00 (0.99, 1.02) | 0.67 | 1.02 (1.00, 1.03) | 0.06 | 1.00 (0.99, 1.01) | 0.47 | 1.03 (1.01, 1.31) | 0.0004 |
| Average number of drinks per day alcohol was consumed (effect per each additional drink) | 1.03 (0.98, 1.07) | 0.23 | 1.01 (0.98, 1.05) | 0.43 | 1.06 (1.01, 1.10) | 0.02 | 1.01 (0.97, 1.06) | 0.57 | 1.08i (1.02, 1.15) | 0.01 | 1.00 (0.97, 1.03) | 0.98 | 1.08 (1.03, 1.13) | 0.001 |
| Maximum number of drinks in 1 day (effect per each additional drink) | 1.01 (0.99, 1.04) | 0.38 | 1.01 (0.99, 1.04) | 0.21 | 1.02 (1.00, 1.05) | 0.11 | 1.01 (0.98, 1.04) | 0.34 | 1.05 (1.01, 1.09) | 0.02 | 1.00 (0.98, 1.02) | 0.96 | 1.04 (1.01, 1.07) | 0.003 |
BSID, Bayley Scales of Infant Development; OCF, occipital frontal circumference; WISC, Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children; WPPSI, Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence.
Children with any abnormality (n = 70) were compared with children with no abnormality detected when data were available in all areas (growth, geneticist face, classification of face by Hoyme criteria, test score ≤ 80, a head circumference ≤ 10%, and language delay plus attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) (n = 33).
Defined by the presence of a birth weight ≤ 10% or birth length ≤ 10% or the presence of at least 2 childhood weights or heights ≤ 10% on a standard Chilean growth chart.
Abnormal facial features classified by a pediatric geneticist in Chile through direct examination of the child.
Any 1 OCF (birth or later) ≤ 10% on standard Chilean growth chart.
Any 1 test score (Bayley Motor, Bayley Mental, WPPSI, or WISC) ≤ 80.
Classified by the neurologist and conditional on having an appointment to assess neurodevelopment at 1 year of age or older.
Classified by neurologist and conditional on having an appointment to assess neurodevelopment and behavior at age 3 years or older.
Logistic regression used to estimate adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. Covariates included in all models were maternal age, education, parity, reliability of mother's report of alcohol use during pregnancy, and age at which mother started drinking alcohol.
Alcohol factor most predictive of outcome, determined through backward elimination.