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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Sep 12.
Published in final edited form as: Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2012 Jul 23;36(10):1811–1819. doi: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2012.01794.x

Table 4. Adjusted Odds Ratios and 95% CI for Adverse Child Outcomes by Maternal Alcohol Consumption Patterns During Pregnancy.

Alcohol
consumption
during pregnancy
Child outcome

Any abnormalitya Growth restrictionb Facial abnormalitiesc OFC ≤ 10%d BSID, WPPSI, and/or
WISC Standard Score
≤80e
Language delayf Hyperactivityg







Adjusted ORh p-Value Adjusted ORh p-Value Adjusted ORh p-Value Adjusted ORh p-Value Adjusted ORh p-Value Adjusted ORh p-Value Adjusted ORh p-Value
Prior to recognition of pregnancy
Number of days per week mother binge drank (>60 g/d) (effect per each additional day mother binged) 1.48 (1.15, 1.91) 0.0023 1.25i (1.05, 1.49) 0.01 1.80i (1.30, 2.50) 0.0004 1.40i (1.08, 1.81) 0.01 1.44 (1.10, 1.87) 0.0070 1.09 (0.89, 1.34) 0.39 1.55i (1.16, 2.07) 0.0032
Total number of drinks (12 g) per week (effect per each additional drink) 1.02i (1.01, 1.04) 0.0009 1.01 (1.00, 1.01) 0.06 1.02 (1.01, 1.03) 0.0061 1.02 (1.00, 1.03) 0.02 1.02i (1.01, 1.04) 0.0013 1.01 (1.00, 1.01) 0.25 1.02 (1.01, 1.03) 0.0030
Average number of drinks per day alcohol was consumed (effect per each additional drink) 1.05 (1.01, 1.09) 0.01 1.02 (0.99, 1.04) 0.20 1.05 (1.00, 1.09) 0.04 1.03 (0.98, 1.07) 0.17 1.06 (1.02, 1.10) 0.0059 1.00 (0.97, 1.03) 0.94 1.06 (1.02, 1.11) 0.0039
Maximum number of drinks in 1 day (effect per each additional drink) 1.03 (1.01, 1.05) 0.02 1.02 (1.00, 1.03) 0.07 1.02 (0.99, 1.04) 0.21 1.02 (1.00, 1.05) 0.12 1.03 (1.00, 1.05) 0.03 1.00 (0.98, 1.02) 0.95 1.03 (1.01, 1.06) 0.01
After recognition of pregnancy
Number of days per week mother binge drank (>60 g/d) (effect per each additional day mother binged) 1.41i (1.01, 1.95) 0.04 1.09 (0.88, 1.35) 0.43 2.01i (1.37, 2.93) 0.0003 1.05 (0.73, 1.51) 0.79 1.27 (0.95, 1.70) 0.11 1.20 (0.95, 1.51) 0.13 2.44i (1.53, 3.91) 0.0002
Total number of drinks (12 g) per week (effect per each additional drink) 1.02 (1.00, 1.03) 0.06 1.01 (1.00, 1.02) 0.16 1.02 (1.01, 1.04) 0.0052 1.00 (0.99, 1.02) 0.67 1.02 (1.00, 1.03) 0.06 1.00 (0.99, 1.01) 0.47 1.03 (1.01, 1.31) 0.0004
Average number of drinks per day alcohol was consumed (effect per each additional drink) 1.03 (0.98, 1.07) 0.23 1.01 (0.98, 1.05) 0.43 1.06 (1.01, 1.10) 0.02 1.01 (0.97, 1.06) 0.57 1.08i (1.02, 1.15) 0.01 1.00 (0.97, 1.03) 0.98 1.08 (1.03, 1.13) 0.001
Maximum number of drinks in 1 day (effect per each additional drink) 1.01 (0.99, 1.04) 0.38 1.01 (0.99, 1.04) 0.21 1.02 (1.00, 1.05) 0.11 1.01 (0.98, 1.04) 0.34 1.05 (1.01, 1.09) 0.02 1.00 (0.98, 1.02) 0.96 1.04 (1.01, 1.07) 0.003

BSID, Bayley Scales of Infant Development; OCF, occipital frontal circumference; WISC, Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children; WPPSI, Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence.

a

Children with any abnormality (n = 70) were compared with children with no abnormality detected when data were available in all areas (growth, geneticist face, classification of face by Hoyme criteria, test score ≤ 80, a head circumference ≤ 10%, and language delay plus attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) (n = 33).

b

Defined by the presence of a birth weight ≤ 10% or birth length ≤ 10% or the presence of at least 2 childhood weights or heights ≤ 10% on a standard Chilean growth chart.

c

Abnormal facial features classified by a pediatric geneticist in Chile through direct examination of the child.

d

Any 1 OCF (birth or later) ≤ 10% on standard Chilean growth chart.

e

Any 1 test score (Bayley Motor, Bayley Mental, WPPSI, or WISC) ≤ 80.

f

Classified by the neurologist and conditional on having an appointment to assess neurodevelopment at 1 year of age or older.

g

Classified by neurologist and conditional on having an appointment to assess neurodevelopment and behavior at age 3 years or older.

h

Logistic regression used to estimate adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. Covariates included in all models were maternal age, education, parity, reliability of mother's report of alcohol use during pregnancy, and age at which mother started drinking alcohol.

i

Alcohol factor most predictive of outcome, determined through backward elimination.