Table 2.
Estimated daily intakes of carotenoids (μg/d) from fruits and vegetables (F&V) by level of combined F&V consumption in the 2002–4 World Health Survey (WHS) assessed by geographic diet cluster (Mean values with their standard errors)
| α-Carotene (μg/d) | β-Carotene (μg/d) | β-Cryptoxanthin (μg/d) | Lutein/zeaxanthin (μg/d) | Lycopene (μg/d) | ||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| < 5 F&V servings/d | ≥ 5 F&V servings/d | < 5 F&V servings/d | ≥ 5 F&V servings/d | < 5 F&V servings/d | ≥ 5 F&V servings/d | < 5 F&V servings/d | ≥ 5 F&V servings/d | < 5 F&V servings/d | ≥ 5 F&V servings/d | |||||||||||||
| Sex, geographic diet cluster* | Mean | se | Mean | se | Mean | se | Mean | se | Mean | se | Mean | se | Mean | se | Mean | se | Mean | se | Mean | se | ||
| Men | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| M | Americas and Australia | 204 | 3·7 | 498 | 11·3 | 1137 | 20·2 | 2799 | 60·5 | 72 | 1·5 | 213 | 4·1 | 991 | 17·9 | 2425 | 54·3 | 1235 | 20·2 | 3153 | 55·5 | |
| H | South/Central America | 210 | 2·6 | 526 | 7·0 | 825 | 10·4 | 2028 | 28·4 | 101 | 1·3 | 339 | 4·0 | 555 | 7·4 | 1286 | 22·1 | 1170 | 13·7 | 3372 | 31·5 | |
| K | South America | 190 | 7·5 | 596 | 15·4 | 719 | 29·5 | 2229 | 63·3 | 72 | 3·2 | 245 | 7·7 | 390 | 16·6 | 1201 | 37·1 | 1714 | 68·7 | 5352 | 142·5 | |
| B | Southern Europe/Mediterranean | 162 | 0·9 | 310 | 3·6 | 997 | 5·2 | 1986 | 19·4 | 87 | 0·6 | 220 | 1·8 | 764 | 4·1 | 1490 | 16·1 | 1740 | 8·4 | 3681 | 27·5 | |
| E | Western Europe | 352 | 4·2 | 858 | 26·1 | 1570 | 18·4 | 3862 | 111·4 | 67 | 0·9 | 195 | 4·4 | 1261 | 15·0 | 3090 | 91·5 | 642 | 6·8 | 1640 | 35·7 | |
| F | Northern Europe | 560 | 12·2 | 1462 | 45·5 | 2187 | 47·1 | 5710 | 175·5 | 72 | 1·6 | 201 | 6·7 | 1545 | 33·2 | 4037 | 123·5 | 784 | 14·8 | 2085 | 53·1 | |
| D | Eastern Europe | 304 | 3·0 | 796 | 12·6 | 1375 | 13·2 | 3668 | 55·0 | 59 | 0·7 | 186 | 3·1 | 1066 | 10·5 | 2811 | 43·6 | 1585 | 14·5 | 4508 | 61·6 | |
| G | Asia† | 163 | 1·0 | 375 | 3·2 | 1563 | 9·1 | 3627 | 28·7 | 70 | 0·5 | 204 | 2·4 | 1897 | 11·8 | 4286 | 40·5 | 1460 | 10·1 | 4109 | 41·1 | |
| L | Asia† | 219 | 1·6 | 444 | 5·2 | 1728 | 12·7 | 3491 | 41·5 | 121 | 1·0 | 332 | 4·5 | 2092 | 16·1 | 4138 | 54·2 | 788 | 5·3 | 2011 | 21·6 | |
| C | Northern Africa/Middle East | 185 | 1·9 | 473 | 10·4 | 891 | 8·5 | 2350 | 42·2 | 47 | 0·7 | 151 | 3·7 | 599 | 5·9 | 1552 | 31·2 | 2132 | 19·8 | 5907 | 80·3 | |
| A | Central Africa‡ | 291 | 6·5 | 973 | 15·0 | 697 | 15·7 | 2179 | 29·6 | 45 | 1·0 | 140 | 1·9 | 627 | 15·5 | 1830 | 38·9 | 794 | 18·2 | 2432 | 36·6 | |
| J | Central Africa‡ | 182 | 2·2 | 828 | 8·0 | 618 | 7·3 | 2537 | 26·8 | 63 | 0·9 | 328 | 4·0 | 345 | 4·4 | 1219 | 19·9 | 1077 | 13·2 | 5095 | 51·6 | |
| I | Southern Africa | 287 | 2·3 | 829 | 7·1 | 1366 | 11·4 | 3192 | 35·1 | 45 | 0·4 | 133 | 1·1 | 1462 | 13·2 | 3122 | 41·6 | 1190 | 9·7 | 2883 | 29·6 | |
| Women | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| M | Americas and Australia | 213 | 3·5 | 498 | 9·9 | 1191 | 18·8 | 2775 | 52·7 | 82 | 1·4 | 207 | 2·9 | 1036 | 16·6 | 2407 | 47·3 | 1315 | 18·7 | 3113 | 48·2 | |
| H | South/Central America | 217 | 2·2 | 548 | 7·3 | 852 | 8·6 | 2133 | 29·7 | 102 | 1·0 | 308 | 3·0 | 574 | 6·1 | 1393 | 22·9 | 1198 | 11·1 | 3287 | 29·2 | |
| K | South America | 212 | 5·0 | 595 | 12·3 | 793 | 19·6 | 2236 | 51·3 | 89 | 2·5 | 233 | 5·7 | 427 | 11·1 | 1210 | 30·3 | 1905 | 45·6 | 5350 | 114·6 | |
| B | Southern Europe/Mediterranean | 162 | 0·8 | 297 | 2·8 | 1001 | 4·3 | 1909 | 14·7 | 89 | 0·5 | 219 | 1·5 | 766 | 3·4 | 1428 | 12·1 | 1756 | 7·0 | 3570 | 21·1 | |
| E | Western Europe | 366 | 3·5 | 852 | 18·3 | 1636 | 15·3 | 3843 | 78·4 | 72 | 0·7 | 201 | 3·3 | 1312 | 12·4 | 3071 | 64·2 | 674 | 5·7 | 1647 | 26·6 | |
| F | Northern Europe | 561 | 8·4 | 1403 | 32·4 | 2191 | 32·3 | 5482 | 125·1 | 76 | 1·1 | 203 | 4·4 | 1549 | 22·8 | 3877 | 88·0 | 798 | 10·3 | 2031 | 37·0 | |
| D | Eastern Europe | 299 | 2·2 | 754 | 8·2 | 1364 | 9·5 | 3503 | 35·7 | 62 | 0·5 | 190 | 2·2 | 1053 | 7·5 | 2670 | 28·3 | 1606 | 10·3 | 4426 | 41·0 | |
| G | Asia† | 162 | 0·9 | 376 | 3·2 | 1550 | 8·3 | 3637 | 29·0 | 73 | 0·5 | 203 | 2·2 | 1873 | 10·8 | 4305 | 40·1 | 1498 | 9·5 | 4082 | 37·2 | |
| L | Asia† | 217 | 1·3 | 436 | 5·3 | 1709 | 10·7 | 3432 | 42·4 | 129 | 0·9 | 326 | 3·9 | 2060 | 13·7 | 4069 | 55·3 | 824 | 4·7 | 1977 | 18·3 | |
| C | Northern Africa/Middle East | 179 | 1·5 | 402 | 7·7 | 864 | 7·0 | 2059 | 31·0 | 45 | 0·6 | 155 | 3·4 | 581 | 4·8 | 1338 | 23·1 | 2065 | 16·6 | 5413 | 61·6 | |
| A | Central Africa‡ | 295 | 6·4 | 899 | 13·4 | 727 | 15·7 | 2065 | 25·7 | 46 | 1·0 | 132 | 1·6 | 672 | 15·9 | 1781 | 33·3 | 835 | 18·4 | 2323 | 31·5 | |
| J | Central Africa‡ | 179 | 2·0 | 807 | 7·7 | 619 | 6·9 | 2537 | 26·1 | 60 | 0·8 | 310 | 3·8 | 355 | 4·3 | 1270 | 19·7 | 1047 | 12·2 | 4918 | 49·1 | |
| I | Southern Africa | 297 | 1·9 | 795 | 5·2 | 1414 | 9·4 | 3081 | 25·6 | 47 | 0·3 | 127 | 0·8 | 1514 | 10·8 | 3023 | 30·8 | 1232 | 8·0 | 2779 | 21·4 |
Geographic diet clusters were based on the 2006 Global Environment Monitoring System (GEMS)/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment Programme (GEMS/Food) clusters and the 2002–7 FAO supply utilisation accounts data; fruit and vegetable intakes were as reported in the 2002–4 WHS data; carotenoid concentration data were obtained from the US Department of Agriculture National Nutrient Database, Standard Reference Release 25.
Asia was separated by the GEMS into two clusters; both diets were high in rice and wheat. Cluster G was characterised by higher availability of fruiting vegetables, milk and milk products, potatoes, and fish/seafood and fish/seafood products, while cluster L was characterised by higher availability of fish/seafood and fish/seafood products, maize, milk and milk products, and brassica vegetables.
Central Africa was separated by the GEMS into two clusters. Cluster A was characterised by higher availability of plantains, cassava, rice, wheat, maize, and milk and milk products. Cluster J was characterised by higher availability of cassava, sorghum, milk and milk products, millet, rice, and maize.