Table 3.
Estimated daily intakes of select flavonoids and ellagic acid (mg/d) from fruits and vegetables (F&V) by level of combined F&V consumption in the 2002–4 World Health Survey (WHS) assessed by geographic diet cluster (Mean values with their standard errors)
| Anthocyanidins (mg/d) | Hesperetin (mg/d) | Quercetin (mg/d) | Ellagic acid (mg/d) | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| < 5 F&V servings/d | ≥ 5 F&V servings/d | < 5 F&V servings/d | ≥ 5 F&V servings/d | < 5 F&V servings/d | ≥ 5 F&V servings/d | < 5 F&V servings/d | ≥ 5 F&V servings/d | |||||||||||
| Sex, geographic diet cluster* | Mean | se | Mean | se | Mean | se | Mean | se | Mean | se | Mean | se | Mean | se | Mean | se | ||
| Men | ||||||||||||||||||
| M | Americas and Australia | 7·0 | 0·13 | 20·1 | 0·34 | 8·0 | 0·20 | 24·9 | 0·61 | 4·7 | 0·08 | 12·0 | 0·22 | 2·2 | 0·06 | 7·0 | 0·17 | |
| H | South/Central America | 2·6 | 0·03 | 8·3 | 0·08 | 9·6 | 0·15 | 35·8 | 0·54 | 5·0 | 0·07 | 11·3 | 0·21 | 0·7 | 0·01 | 2·5 | 0·04 | |
| K | South America | 2·8 | 0·11 | 9·4 | 0·23 | 5·1 | 0·24 | 17·6 | 0·60 | 5·5 | 0·24 | 16·6 | 0·57 | 0·3 | 0·01 | 0·9 | 0·03 | |
| B | Southern Europe/Mediterranean | 5·6 | 0·03 | 13·9 | 0·10 | 7·5 | 0·06 | 20·0 | 0·19 | 4·7 | 0·02 | 9·4 | 0·09 | 1·2 | 0·01 | 3·1 | 0·03 | |
| E | Western Europe | 6·4 | 0·08 | 18·4 | 0·39 | 4·1 | 0·06 | 12·5 | 0·36 | 4·2 | 0·04 | 10·6 | 0·23 | 2·5 | 0·04 | 7·6 | 0·22 | |
| F | Northern Europe | 5·8 | 0·12 | 16·1 | 0·50 | 4·3 | 0·11 | 12·1 | 0·51 | 4·1 | 0·08 | 10·9 | 0·29 | 2·0 | 0·05 | 5·8 | 0·24 | |
| D | Eastern Europe | 5·9 | 0·07 | 18·7 | 0·32 | 3·5 | 0·05 | 11·7 | 0·23 | 5·9 | 0·06 | 15·9 | 0·23 | 0·8 | 0·01 | 2·6 | 0·05 | |
| G | Asia† | 3·5 | 0·02 | 9·1 | 0·06 | 1·4 | 0·01 | 4·4 | 0·07 | 5·8 | 0·03 | 13·3 | 0·11 | 0·2 | 0·00 | 0·6 | 0·01 | |
| L | Asia† | 6·2 | 0·04 | 15·9 | 0·18 | 1·5 | 0·01 | 4·3 | 0·07 | 5·8 | 0·04 | 11·8 | 0·14 | 1·9 | 0·02 | 5·6 | 0·09 | |
| C | Northern Africa/Middle East | 2·7 | 0·04 | 8·8 | 0·22 | 3·0 | 0·06 | 10·6 | 0·37 | 4·9 | 0·05 | 12·7 | 0·25 | 0·4 | 0·01 | 1·2 | 0·04 | |
| A | Central Africa‡ | 2·3 | 0·05 | 8·0 | 0·14 | 0·8 | 0·02 | 2·8 | 0·07 | 4·5 | 0·11 | 13·1 | 0·29 | 0·1 | 0·00 | 0·4 | 0·01 | |
| J | Central Africa‡ | 1·0 | 0·01 | 4·3 | 0·04 | 0·7 | 0·01 | 4·4 | 0·07 | 5·0 | 0·06 | 17·2 | 0·30 | 0·1 | 0·00 | 0·5 | 0·01 | |
| I | Southern Africa | 3·4 | 0·03 | 11·2 | 0·10 | 2·0 | 0·03 | 8·3 | 0·10 | 5·5 | 0·05 | 11·8 | 0·15 | 0·2 | 0·00 | 0·8 | 0·01 | |
| Women | ||||||||||||||||||
| M | Americas and Australia | 7·8 | 0·12 | 19·5 | 0·24 | 9·4 | 0·19 | 24·1 | 0·42 | 5·0 | 0·07 | 11·8 | 0·20 | 2·6 | 0·05 | 6·7 | 0·12 | |
| H | South/Central America | 2·7 | 0·03 | 7·8 | 0·07 | 9·6 | 0·11 | 31·3 | 0·42 | 5·2 | 0·06 | 12·4 | 0·22 | 0·7 | 0·01 | 2·2 | 0·03 | |
| K | South America | 3·4 | 0·08 | 9·0 | 0·16 | 6·4 | 0·19 | 16·7 | 0·45 | 5·9 | 0·16 | 16·8 | 0·47 | 0·3 | 0·01 | 0·9 | 0·02 | |
| B | Southern Europe/Mediterranean | 5·7 | 0·03 | 13·8 | 0·09 | 7·7 | 0·05 | 19·9 | 0·16 | 4·7 | 0·02 | 9·0 | 0·07 | 1·2 | 0·01 | 3·1 | 0·02 | |
| E | Western Europe | 6·9 | 0·07 | 19·0 | 0·30 | 4·5 | 0·05 | 13·1 | 0·26 | 4·4 | 0·04 | 10·7 | 0·17 | 2·7 | 0·03 | 7·9 | 0·16 | |
| F | Northern Europe | 6·1 | 0·08 | 16·2 | 0·33 | 4·6 | 0·08 | 12·4 | 0·34 | 4·2 | 0·06 | 10·6 | 0·20 | 2·2 | 0·04 | 5·9 | 0·16 | |
| D | Eastern Europe | 6·2 | 0·05 | 19·1 | 0·23 | 3·8 | 0·04 | 12·2 | 0·16 | 5·9 | 0·04 | 15·3 | 0·15 | 0·8 | 0·01 | 2·7 | 0·04 | |
| G | Asia† | 3·5 | 0·02 | 9·1 | 0·06 | 1·5 | 0·01 | 4·3 | 0·06 | 5·8 | 0·03 | 13·4 | 0·11 | 0·2 | 0·00 | 0·6 | 0·01 | |
| L | Asia† | 6·5 | 0·04 | 15·6 | 0·15 | 1·6 | 0·01 | 4·3 | 0·06 | 5·8 | 0·04 | 11·6 | 0·14 | 2·1 | 0·02 | 5·5 | 0·07 | |
| C | Northern Africa/Middle East | 2·6 | 0·03 | 9·1 | 0·20 | 2·9 | 0·05 | 11·5 | 0·33 | 4·7 | 0·04 | 11·0 | 0·18 | 0·3 | 0·01 | 1·3 | 0·04 | |
| A | Central Africa‡ | 2·3 | 0·05 | 7·3 | 0·12 | 0·8 | 0·02 | 2·5 | 0·06 | 4·9 | 0·12 | 12·8 | 0·25 | 0·1 | 0·00 | 0·4 | 0·01 | |
| J | Central Africa‡ | 1·0 | 0·01 | 4·2 | 0·04 | 0·7 | 0·01 | 4·1 | 0·07 | 5·1 | 0·06 | 18·0 | 0·30 | 0·1 | 0·00 | 0·4 | 0·01 | |
| I | Southern Africa | 3·5 | 0·03 | 10·7 | 0·08 | 2·1 | 0·02 | 7·9 | 0·08 | 5·7 | 0·04 | 11·4 | 0·11 | 0·2 | 0·00 | 0·8 | 0·01 |
Geographic diet clusters were based on the 2006 Global Environment Monitoring System (GEMS)/Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment Programme (GEMS/Food) clusters and the 2002–7 FAO supply utilisation accounts data; F&V intakes were as reported in the 2002–4 WHS data; flavonoid concentration data were obtained from the US Department of Agriculture Flavonoid Database, 3.1; ellagic acid concentration data were obtained from the published literature.
Asia was separated by the GEMS into two clusters; both diets were high in rice and wheat. Cluster G was characterised by higher availability of fruiting vegetables, milk and milk products, potatoes, and fish/seafood and fish/seafood products, while cluster L was characterised by higher availability of fish/seafood and fish/seafood products, maize, milk and milk products, and brassica vegetables.
Central Africa was separated by the GEMS into two clusters. Cluster A was characterised by higher availability of plantains, cassava, rice, wheat, maize, and milk and milk products. Cluster J was characterised by higher availability of cassava, sorghum, milk and milk products, millet, rice, and maize.