Table 1. Depletion of macrophages with clodronate-encapsulated liposomes improves fasting glycemia and insulin levels in DIO and ob/ob mice with no changes in the metabolic profile.

Metabolic Parameter	PBS (DIO)	Clodronate(DIO)	PBS(ob/ob)	Clodronate(ob/ob)
FBG (mg/dL)	235±11.9	**171±11.1	404±29.6	**256±20.0
Fasting Insulin (ng/mL)	2.0±0.3	*0.7±0.1	6.6±0.5	*3.9±1.0
FFAs (mmol/L)	0.30±0.02	*0.40±0.08	0.52±0.03	0.41±0.09
TGs (mg/dL)	56.6±17.8	61.5±13.9	32.2±5.1	**67.5±9.8
Cholesterol (mg/dL)	131±18.5	151±28.8	N.A.	N.A.
HDL (mg/dL)	121±11.3	138±19.1	N.A.	N.A.
LDL (mg/dL)	12±2.4	21±8.6	N.A.	N.A.
B-hydroxybutyrate (uM)	0.3±0.02	0.27±0.04	N.A.	N.A.
Food Intake (g/day)	2.67±0.17	2.51±0.21	N.A.	N.A.
Water Intake (g/day)	1.78±0.07	1.68±0.11	N.A.	N.A.
Total Activity (counts/day: 24 hr)	3290±381	3165±95	N.A.	N.A.
VO2 (ml/hr/kg: 24 hr)	4838±120	4759±78	N.A.	N.A.
VCO2 (ml/hr/kg: 24 hr)	3723±114	3650±61	N.A.	N.A.
EE (ml/hr/kg: 24 hr)	23.18±0.60	23.05±0.33	N.A.	N.A.
RER (ml/hr/kg: 24 hr)	0.771±0.01	0.759±.00	N.A.	N.A.

Wild type mice fed a HFD for 13 weeks or 8-week ob/ob mice were injected with 2 doses of clodronate liposomes (250 mg/kg) or PBS liposomes i.p. for 6 days with a 3-day interval. Data is representative of 12–16 DIO and 7–10 ob/ob animals. DIO mice were housed in metabolic cages prior to treatment for baseline analysis. Animals were housed in metabolic cages until completion of the experiment. EDTA plasma was drawn from the retro orbital sinus for serum analysis. Metabolic cage data is representative of 4–6 animals. Values represent the mean ± SEM. An unpaired student’s t-test was used for comparisons between groups. *p≤0.05, **≤0.01.