Table 2.
Headache classification at age 11 years in univariable analyses
| No headache | Migraine | χ 2 | OR | TTH | χ 2 | OR | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal smoking during pregnancy |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
0.67 |
|
|
7.05** |
|
| No |
279 (80.4%) |
53 (81.5%) |
|
1.89 |
78 (68.4%) |
|
0.93 |
| Yes |
68 (19.6%) |
12 (18.5%) |
|
ref |
36 (31.6%) |
|
|
| Maternal perceived stress during pregnancy† |
|
|
2.08 |
|
|
3.33 |
|
| Low (scores 0–13) |
195(55.9%) |
34 (60.9%) |
|
ref |
61 (65%) |
|
ref |
| High (scores 14–39) |
154 (44.1%) |
29 (39.1%) |
|
1.49 |
52 (54%) |
|
1.49 |
| Birth weight |
|
|
0.11 |
|
|
1.22 |
|
| AGA |
214 (60.6%) |
38 (58.5%) |
|
ref |
63 (54.8%) |
|
ref |
| SGA |
139 (39.4%) |
27 (41.5%) |
|
1.09 |
52 (45.2%) |
1.27 |
|
| Gender |
|
|
0.16 |
|
|
2.62 |
|
| Female |
178 (50.4%) |
31 (47.7%) |
|
ref |
48 (41.7%) |
|
ref |
| Male |
175 (49.6%) |
34 (52.3%) |
|
1.12 |
67 (58.3%) |
1.42 |
|
| SDQ Total difficulties at 3.5 years, parenta |
|
|
0.63 |
|
|
4.60* |
|
| Normal |
239 (83.6%) |
44 (88.0%) |
|
ref |
63 (73.3%) |
|
ref |
| Borderline/Abnormal |
47 (16.4%) |
6 (12.0%) |
|
0.69 |
23 (26.7%) |
|
1.86 |
| Maternal perceived stress at 3.5 years† |
|
|
0.39 |
|
|
1.17 |
|
| Low (scores 0–13) |
167 (48.1%) |
33 (52.4%) |
|
ref |
61 (54%) |
|
ref |
| High (scores 14–39) |
180 (51.9%) |
30 (47.6%) |
|
1.08 |
52 (46%) |
|
1.24 |
| SDQ Total difficulties at 7 years, parenta |
|
|
0.52 |
|
|
0.19 |
|
| Normal |
274 (87%) |
45 (83.3%) |
|
ref |
86 (88.7%) |
|
ref |
| Borderline/Abnormal |
41 (13%) |
9 (16.7%) |
|
1.34 |
11 (11.3%) |
|
0.86 |
| Sleep duration at age 7‡ |
|
|
3.82* |
|
|
0.25 |
|
| <10 hours |
121 (43.1%) |
29 (58.0%) |
|
1.83 |
41 (46.1%) |
|
1.13 |
| =/>10 hours |
160 (56.9%) |
21 (42.0%) |
|
ref |
48 (53.9%) |
|
ref |
| Maternal perceived stress at 7 years† |
|
|
0.11 |
|
|
0.86 |
|
| Low (scores 0–13) |
69 (48.3%) |
17 (51.5%) |
|
ref |
29 (55.8%) |
|
ref |
| High (scores 14–39) |
74 (51.7%) |
16 (48.5%) |
|
0.40 |
23 (44.2%) |
|
0.81 |
| Sleep duration at age 11‡ |
|
|
0.06 |
|
|
0.01 |
|
| <9.5 hours |
68 (46.6%) |
11 (44%) |
|
0.90 |
28 (47.5) |
|
1.04 |
| =/>9.5 hours |
78 (53.4%) |
14 (56%) |
|
ref |
31 (52.5) |
|
ref |
| Depression at 11 years |
|
|
3.57 |
|
|
0.02 |
|
| No depression |
317 (94.1%) |
56 (87.5%) |
|
ref |
105 (93.8%) |
ref |
|
| Depression |
20 (5.9%) |
8 (12.5%) |
|
2.26 |
7 (6.3%) |
1.06 |
|
| Bullied at 11 years |
|
|
0.81 |
|
|
7.73** |
|
| No |
222 (68.1%) |
36 (62.1%) |
|
ref |
57 (53.3%) |
|
ref |
| Yes |
104 (31.9%) |
22 (37.9%) |
|
1.30 |
50 (46.7%) |
1.87 |
|
| Television watching at 11 years |
|
|
0.62 |
|
|
0.96 |
|
| <1 hour |
86 (27.3%) |
13 (24.1%) |
|
ref |
22 (22.4%) |
|
ref |
| 1-3 hours |
198 (62.9%) |
34 (63.0%) |
|
1.14 |
65 (66.3%) |
|
1.28 |
| 3-5 hours |
31 (9.8%) |
7 (13.0%) |
|
1.49 |
11 (11.2%) |
|
1.39 |
| Percent body fat at 11 years |
|
|
2.38 |
|
|
9.62* |
|
| Lower than median |
180 (54.2%) |
27 (43.5%) |
|
ref |
40 (37.0%) |
|
ref |
| Higher than median |
152 (45.8%) |
35 (56.5%) |
|
1.54 |
68 (63.0%) |
|
2.01 |
| SDQ Total difficulties at 11 years, selfa |
|
|
24.68** |
|
|
4.27* |
|
| Normal |
298 (84.9%) |
38 (58.5%) |
|
ref |
88 (76.5%) |
|
ref |
| Borderline/Abnormal |
53 (15.1%) |
27 (41.5%) |
|
4.0 |
27 (23.5%) |
|
1.73 |
| SDQ Total difficulties at 11 years, parenta |
|
|
1.15 |
|
|
0.09 |
|
| Normal |
306 (87.9%) |
54 (15.9%) |
|
ref |
99 (86.8%) |
|
ref |
| Borderline/Abnormal | 42 (12.1%) | 11 (23.1%) | 1.48 | 15 (13.2%) | 1.10 |
Note. *Significant at p < .05; ** p < .01; χ 2 = Pearson chi square.
†Perceived stress in mothers categorised according to a median split.
‡Sleep duration categorised according to a median split and rounded to the nearest hour.
aScored using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ).