Table 3.
Secondary outcome measures (± standard deviation) at baseline, 1 day, and at 1 and 3 months after the tDCS and sham intervention
| Secondary outcome measures |
Baseline | 1 day post- intervention |
p value (95% CI) |
1 month post- intervention |
p value (95% CI) |
3 months post- intervention |
p value (95% CI) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| tDCS sham | ||||||||
| UPDRS | on | 42.5 ± 10.8 39.5 ± 12.8 |
36.9 ± 11.1 32 ± 11.7 |
0.30 (−9.9, 3.1) | 42.5 ± 7.8 36.1 ± 11 |
0.16 (−10.7, 1.87) | 43.4 ± 9.1 35.5 ± 13.8 |
0.31 (−8.2, 2.6) |
| off | 58.4 ± 14.7 53.6 ± 14.5 |
54.1 ± 13.1 50.4 ± 16.2 |
0.98 (−7.8, 7.7) | 56.1 ± 13.2 54.4 ± 12.1 |
0.80 (−8.5, 6.6) | 60.1 ± 13.6 52.4 ± 17 |
0.52 (−10.4, 5.3) | |
| UPDRS (III) | on | 22.2 ± 8.7 17.5 ± 8 |
20.4 ± 7.7 15.6 ± 7.9 |
0.49 (−3.2, 1.5) | 22.7 ± 6.6 18.6 ± 8.1 |
0.38 (−5.3, 2.1) | 23.1 ± 7.8 17.6 ± 8.5 |
0.40 (−5.1, 2.1) |
| off | 34 ± 10 26.5 ± 8.4 |
31.5 ± 7.3 29 ± 11.7 |
0.083 (−1.0, 7.9) | 31.4 ±9.9 29 ± 8.1 |
0.54 (−3.2, 6.1) | 34 ± 10.3 27.1 ± 10.5 |
0.81 (−5.6, 4.4) | |
| UPDRS Bradykinesia* | on | 7.2 ± 2.5 6.8 ± 3.1 |
6.7 ± 3.1 5.8 ± 2.8 |
0.41 (−1.5, 0.6) | 7.7 ± 2.5 7.8 ± 3.3 |
0.91 (−1.8, 1.6) | 7.8 ± 3.1 6.8 ± 3.5 |
0.53 (−2.5, 1.3) |
| off | 12 ± 4.3 9.5 ± 3.9 |
10.7 ± 4.7 10.3 ± 3.9 |
0.039 (0.099, 3.6) | 11.2 ± 4.7 11.4 ± 4.4 |
0.13 (−0.4, 3.4) | 11.8 ± 4.6 10.4 ± 4.5 |
0.40 (−1.2, 2.9) | |
| SRTT | reaction time (ms) | 789 ± 247 755 ± 122 |
731 ± 315 773 ± 254 |
0.72 (−131.5, 188.7) | 657 ± 153 777 ± 284 |
0.92 (−156.7, 148.9) | 703 ± 299 753 ± 142 |
0.13 (−35.4, 272.5) |
| error rate (%) | 17.6 ± 19.6 9.3 ± 12.8 |
17.7 ± 23.3 14.1 ± 18.3 |
0.27 (−0.04, 0.11) | 14.1 ± 17.7 18.5 ± 23.3 |
0.18 (−0.02, 0.12) | 26.1 ± 28.3 11.2 ± 12.5 |
0.52 (−0.07, 0.13) | |
| BDI | 10.4 ± 11.3 7 ± 4.2 |
7.5 ± 6.8 5.5 ± 3.8 |
0.48 (−2.2, 1.0) | 6.5 ± 4.1 7.7 ± 6.5 |
0.19 (−1.5, 7.3) | 8.0 ± 6.4 5.3 ± 5.1 |
0.49 (−4.7, 2.3) | |
| Health survey (SF-12v2) | physical health mental health | 44.3 ± 7.2 38.1 ± 8.7 50.6 ± 9.7 48.7 ± 10.5 |
42.0 ± 7.9 41.0 ± 7.9 54.1 ± 7.0 52.5 ± 9.7 |
0.15 (−1.3, 7.9) 0.84 (−6.1, 5.0) |
39 ± 8.9 41.1 ± 10.2 53.9 ± 10.0 52.7 ± 9.4 |
0.10 (−1.0, 11.1) 0.93 (−5.0, 5.5) |
39.5 ± 8.7 38.5 ± 10.2 53.6 ± 8.3 50.2 ± 12.4 |
0.28 (−2.7, 9.1) 0.49 (−9.1, 4.5) |
| Self-assessment | sleep (hrs) | 6.6 ± 0.1 6.6 ± 0.1 |
6.9 ± 0.1 6.8 ± 0.1 |
0.48 (−0.14, 0.07) | 6.4 ± 0.1 6.4 ± 0.1 |
0.93 (−0.08, 0.07) | 6.7 ± 0.2 6.6 ± 0.1 |
0.25 (−0.22, 0.06) |
| on (hrs) | 11.0 ± 0.3 11 ± 0.2 |
11.3 ± 0.3 11.4 ± 0.2 |
0.08 (−0.02, 0.28) | 10.9 ± 0.1 10.9 ± 0.1 |
0.84 (−0.09, 0.11) | 12.0 ± 0.1 12.1 ± 0.1 |
0.12 (−0.02, 0.16) | |
| dyskinesias (hrs) | 2.4 ± 0.1 2.5 ± 0.1 |
3.2 ± 0.2 3.2 ± 0.1 |
0.90 (−0.11, 0.10) | 2.8 ± 0.1 2.9 ± 0.1 |
0.40 (−0.04, 0.10) | 2.1 ±0.1 2.1 ± 0.1 |
0.89 (−0.8, 0.10) | |
| off (hrs) | 3.2 ± 0.3 3.2 ± 0.2 |
2.5 ± 0.3 2.4 ± 0.3 |
0.32 (−0.29, 0.09) | 3.4 ± 0.1 3.4 ± 0.1 |
0.28 (−0.15, 0.04) | 2.7 ± 0.2 2.7 ± 0.1 |
0.85 (−0.09, 0.08) | |
| off tremor (hrs) | 0.8 ± 0.2 0.8 ± 0.1 |
0.2 ± 0.1 0.1 ± 0.0 |
0.83 (−0.01, 0.02) | 0.4 ± 0.1 0.4 ± 0.1 |
0.72 (−0.06, 0.08) | 0.8 ± 0.1 0.8 ± 0.0 |
0.83 (−0.07, 0.08) | |
Results of tDCS and sham groups are presented in first and second row, respectively. 95% confidence intervals were obtained from the linear mixed effects models. BDI = Beck Depression Inventory
*
UPDRS Bradykinesia: composite UPDRS bradykinesia score consisting of items 23–25: finger tapping, opening/closing and pro-/supination of the hands.