| Auto antibodies (aAbs) |
Detection of immunoglobulins that recognize one of five commonly measured diabetogenic antigens – GAD65, IAA, IA-2, IGRP and ZnT8 – by fluid-phase radioassay. |
| T cell proliferation |
Measurement of PBMC proliferation in response to culture with diabetogenic antigens. |
| Immunoblot |
Measurement of PBMC proliferation in response to to culture with human pancreatic islets cell antigens. Pancreatic islets are separated by electrophoresis and electroblotted onto nitrocellulose membranes for solubilization and addition to culture. |
| ELISPOT |
Measurement of IFNγ secretion by PBMCs in response to culture with synthetic peptides that represent naturally processed diabetogenic antigens. |
| Tetramer Assay |
Detection by flow cytometry of diabetes antigen specific T cells by staining with fluoresently labeled diabetogenic peptide-MHC class I or II complexes. |
| β cell death |
Measured by detecting relative amounts of β cell derived INS DNA in serum. β cell INS DNA contains unmethylated CpG sites that allows for its discrimination from INS DNA derived from other sources. |
