Table 3.
Group medical nutrition therapy/motivational interviewing intervention among African American women with type 2 diabetes: impact on self-care, psychosocial, and physiologic outcomes.
| Outcome variable | pre-intervention values | post-intervention values | P value∗ | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| −18 weeks | −12 weeks | −6 weeks | 0 | 6 weeks | 12 weeks | 18 weeks | ||
| Carbohydrate spacing (days/week)∗∗ | 2.0 ± 1.9 | 3.5 ± 1.8 | 2.9 ± 1.8 | 3.4 ± 2.0 | 3.9 ± 1.9 | 4.3 ± 2.2 | 4.1 ± 2.0 | 0.277 |
| Eat 5 fruit/vegetables (days/week)∗∗ | 3.9 ± 1.8 | 4.2 ± 1.6 | 3.9 ± 1.8 | 4.5 ± 1.7 | 4.8 ± 1.8 | 4.7 ± 1.6 | 4.0 ± 1.9 | 0.016 |
| Eat high fat food (days/week) | 3.8 ± 1.6 | 3.5 ± 1.8 | 3.4 ± 1.7 | 3.7 ± 1.9 | 3.0 ± 1.9 | 2.4 ± 1.6 | 2.9 ± 1.9 | 0.992 |
| Eat a generally healthy diet (days/week)∗∗ | 3.3 ± 1.6 | 4.9 ± 1.3 | 4.4 ± 1.5 | 4.4 ± 1.6 | 5.0 ± 1.5 | 4.8 ± 1.7 | 4.3 ± 1.9 | 0.035 |
| Confidence in choosing restaurant foods (score)∗∗∗ | 1.9 ± 0.9 | 2.0 ± 0.9 | 2.2 ± 0.9 | 2.05 ± 0.8 | 2.1 ± 0.9 | 1.8 ± 0.9 | 1.8 ± 0.6 | 0.055 |
| HbA1c (%) | 8.8 ± 2.0 | 8.3 ± 1.9 | 9.2 ± 2.1 | 9.7 ± 2.4 | 9.4 ± 1.8 | 9.3 ± 1.8 | 8.8 ± 2.2 | 0.029 |
| BMI kg/m2 | 39 ± 6.5 | 39.7 ± 6.9 | 39.6 ± 6.5 | 39.4 ± 6.8 | 38.6 ± 6.5 | 39.2 ± 6.5 | 38.9 ± 6.8 | 0.407 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm/Hg) | 139 ± 19 | 134 ± 19 | 139 ± 15 | 143 ± 16 | 141 ± 22 | 139 ± 17 | 141 ± 26 | 0.384 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm/Hg) | 84.1 ± 7.8 | 82.2 ± 8.2 | 86.0 ± 10.9 | 84.6 ± 10.8 | 84.0 ± 10.5 | 80.9 ± 7.0 | 81.0 ± 9.7 | 0.091 |
*Generalized least squares regression was used to compare rate of change in outcomes quantified as the regression coefficient between pre- and post-intervention phases and to account for repeated measures. ∗∗From Summary of Diabetes Self-Care activities question; score range 0 to 7 days/week. ∗∗∗From Confidence in Diabetes Questionnaire [18]; score range from 1 (very confident) to 5 (not confident).