Table 2.
Inequalities in the use of modern family planning methods: findings from binomial and multinomial logistic regression.
| Any modern method | Permanent methods | Long-acting reversible methods | Short-acting methods | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Crude OR (95% CI) |
Adjusted OR (95% CI) |
Crude OR (95% CI) |
Adjusted OR (95% CI) |
Crude OR (95% CI) |
Adjusted OR (95% CI) |
Crude OR (95% CI) |
Adjusted OR (95% CI) |
|
| Age-group | ||||||||
| 15–24 years | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 24–34 years | 2.3 (1.9–2.9) | 2.5 (2.0–3.1)∗ | 12.3 (7.1–21.3) | 10.8 (6.3–18.6)∗ | 1.7 (1.0–2.7) | 1.8 (1.1–3.0)∗ | 1.2 (0.9–1.5) | 1.4 (1.1–1.8)∗ |
| 35–49 years | 3.5 (2.8–4.4) | 3.7 (2.9–4.8)∗ | 30.9 (17.8–53.7) | 25.6 (14.7–44.7)∗ | 1.8 (1.0–3.0) | 2.0 (1.2–3.5)∗ | 0.8 (0.6–1.0) | 1.0 (0.7–1.4) |
| Level of education | ||||||||
| Never attended school | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Primary | 0.9 (0.7–1.1) | 1.1 (0.9–1.4) | 0.4 (0.3–0.6) | 0.8 (0.6–0.9)∗ | 1.0 (0.6–1.8) | 1.1 (0.6–1.8) | 1.6 (1.2–2.1) | 1.4 (1.1–1.8)∗ |
| Secondary | 0.7 (0.6–0.9) | 1.0 (0.8–1.2) | 0.3 (0.3–0.5) | 0.6 (0.5–0.8)∗ | 1.2 (0.8–1.7) | 1.3 (0.9–2.0) | 1.4 (1.1–1.8) | 1.3 (0.9–1.6) |
| Higher education | 0.7 (0.5–0.9) | 1.1 (0.7–1.5) | 0.1 (0.0–0.2) | 0.2 (0.1–0.5)∗ | 0.7 (0.3–1.8) | 0.9 (0.4–2.2) | 2.0 (1.4–2.7) | 1.8 (1.1–2.6)∗ |
| Wealth quintile | ||||||||
| First | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Second | 0.9 (0.8–1.1) | 0.9 (0.8–1.1) | 0.8 (0.6–1.0) | 0.9 (0.7–1.2) | 1.3 (0.7–2.5) | 1.2 (0.7–2.1) | 1.0 (0.8–1.3) | 0.9 (0.7–1.2) |
| Third | 0.8 (0.6–1.0) | 0.8 (0.7–1.0) | 0.9 (0.7–1.2) | 1.1 (0.8–1.5) | 0.8 (0.4–1.6) | 0.7 (0.4–1.4) | 0.8 (0.5–1.1) | 0.7 (0.5–0.9)∗ |
| Fourth | 0.9 (0.7–1.1) | 0.9 (0.7–1.1) | 0.9 (0.7–1.2) | 0.9 (0.7–1.2) | 1.1 (0.5–2.3) | 1.0 (0.5–2.1) | 0.9 (0.6–1.3) | 0.9 (0.6–1.3) |
| Fifth | 1.1 (0.9–1.5) | 1.0 (0.8–1.3) | 1.1 (0.8–1.6) | 1.0 (0.7–1.6) | 1.1 (0.5–2.1) | 1.1 (0.5–2.2) | 1.0 (0.7–1.5) | 1.0 (0.7–1.6) |
| Caste/ethnic group | ||||||||
| Brahmin/Chhetri | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Terai Madhesi other castes | 0.7 (0.5–1.0) | 0.7 (0.5–0.9)∗ | 1.5 (1.0–2.3) | 0.8 (0.5–1.3) | 0.2 (0.0–0.5) | 0.2 (0.1–0.7)∗ | 0.3 (0.2–0.7) | 0.6 (0.3–1.0) |
| Dalit | 0.8 (0.6–1.0) | 0.9 (0.7–1.1) | 0.8 (0.5–1.2) | 0.7 (0.4–1.1) | 0.9 (0.4–1.9) | 1.0 (0.6–2.2) | 0.8 (0.6–1.2) | 1.1 (0.8–1.5) |
| Newar | 1.8 (1.2–2.7) | 1.9 (1.4–2.7)∗ | 0.8 (0.4–1.6) | 0.9 (0.5–1.6) | 0.4 (0.0–2.3) | 0.4 (0.1–2.2) | 2.5 (1.7–3.6) | 2.6 (1.8–3.7)∗ |
| Janajati | 1.0 (0.8–1.3) | 1.2 (0.9–1.4) | 0.7 (0.5–1.0) | 0.7 (0.5–0.9)∗ | 1.4 (0.8–2.3) | 1.6 (0.9–2.7) | 1.3 (1.0–1.7) | 1.5 (1.1–1.9)∗ |
| Muslim | 0.1 (0.0–0.3) | 0.2 (0.1–0.3)∗ | 0.1 (0.0–0.3) | 0.1 (0.1–0.2)∗ | 0.1 (0.0–0.8) | 0.2 (0.1–1.1) | 0.2 (0.0–0.5) | 0.3 (0.1–0.8)∗ |
| Other | 1.7 (1.1–2.7) | 2.1 (1.4–3.2)∗ | 1.1 (0.7–1.9) | 1.5 (0.8–2.9) | 0.6 (0.1–3.4) | 0.5 (0.1–3.8) | 1.9 (1.1–3.1) | 1.9 (1.2–3.4)∗ |
| Time taken to nearest government health facility |
||||||||
| <30 minutes | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| 30–60 minutes | 1.1 (0.9–1.4) | 1.1 (0.9–1.4) | 1.1 (0.8–1.5) | 1.3 (0.9–1.8) | 1.0 (0.5–2.0) | 0.9 (0.5–1.8) | 1.0 (0.8–1.3) | 0.9 (0.8–1.2) |
| >60 minutes | 1.0 (0.7–1.3) | 1.0 (0.8–1.3) | 0.6 (0.4–0.9) | 1.0 (0.7–1.4) | 0.7 (0.4–1.3) | 0.5 (0.3–0.9)∗ | 1.4 (1.0–1.9) | 1.1 (0.8–1.4) |
| Ecological zone | ||||||||
| Mountain | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Hill | 0.7 (0.5–1.0) | 0.7 (0.5–0.9)∗ | 0.5 (0.2–1.2) | 0.4 (0.2–1.3) | 1.0 (0.4–2.5) | 1.3 (0.5–3.1) | 1.0 (0.6–1.5) | 0.9 (0.6–1.4) |
| Terai | 0.7 (0.5–1.1) | 1.0 (0.7–1.3) | 1.2 (0.5–2.7) | 1.4 (0.5–3.6) | 0.7 (0.3–1.5) | 0.9 (0.4–2.1) | 0.5 (0.3–0.8) | 0.7 (0.5–1.1) |
*P < 0.05.