Table 1.

Starvation-induced autophagy in different experimental models.

Author, year	Model	Techniques used	Time point
Takeshige et al., 1992 [28]	S. cerevisiae	Electron microscopy: increase in the number of autophagosomes and delivery to the vacuole	1 hrs–3 hrs
Scott et al., 2004 [29]	Drosophila fat body	Electron microscopy: increase in the number of autophagosomes	3 hrs
Mizushima et al., 2004 [30]	GFP-LC3 transgenic mice	Fluorescence microscopy: increase in the number of LC3-GFP dots (24 h) and then return to basal level (48 h)	24 hrs–48 hrs
Komatsu et al., 2005 [13]	Atg7F/+:Mx1-Cre mice	Electron microscopy: increase in the number of autophagosomes Western blot: increase in LC3II/I ratio	24 hrs
Martinet et al., 2006 [31]	GFP-LC3 transgenic mice	Fluorescence microscopy: increase in the number of LC3-GFP dots	24 hrs–48 hrs
Hansen et al., 2008 [32]	LGG-1-GFP transgenic C. Elegans  Eat-2 mutants	Fluorescence microscopy: increase in the number of LGG-1-GFP foci	60 hrs
Ezaki et al., 2011 [33]	C57BL/6J mice	Electron microscopy: increase in the number of autophagosomes Western blot: increase in LC3II/I ratio	24 hrs 3 hrs–18 hrs
Uddin et al., 2011 [34]	C57BL/6 mice	Western blot: increase in LC3II/I ratio	12 hrs–24 hrs–36 hrs–48 hrs
Skop et al., 2012 [35]	Wistar rats	Western blot: increase in LC3II/I ratio	24 hrs

GFP: green fluorescent protein; LC3: microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 alpha; LGG-1: LC3, GABARAP, and GATE-16 family; Mx-1: myxovirus (influenza virus) resistance 1.