S100A9 mediates the Id1 functions in migration, invasion and metastasis. (A) S100A9 expression in MCF7 cells expressing a vector control, or Id1, or Id1 and S100A9. (B–C) MCF7 cells stably expressing a vector control, or Id1, or Id1 and S100A9 were subjected to migration assay (B) and invasion assay (C). Id1 expression in MCF7 cells increased cell migration and invasion. Expression of S100A9 cDNA reversed migratory and invasive phenotypes induced by Id1 expression (B and C). MCF7 cells stably expressing Id1 and a vector control or Id1 and S100A9 were transplanted into mouse mammary fat pads. The primary tumor growth of these two groups is similar (D). Id1 expression in MCF7 cells promoted lung metastasis. Expression of S100A9 cDNA significantly suppressed the lung metastasis signal induced by Id1 expression (E).