Table 1. Demographic Characteristics of Survey Respondents: Vietnamese Comparison Group and Ex-Political Detainees.

Characteristic	Comparison Group (N = 82)		Detainees (N = 337)		P-value
Gender – Male – N (%)	82	(100)	337	(100)	n/a
Age, y – Mean (SD)	62.4	(11.2)	60.5	(7.4)	0.16‡
45-55	26	31.7%	80	23.7%	0.21†
>55-60	9	11.0%	107	31.8%
>60-65	12	14.6%	72	21.4%
>65	35	42.7%	78	23.1%
Years in USA – Mean (SD)	11.6	(8.0)	9.5	(4.3)	0.02*‡
Citizenship
No	39	47.6%	79	23.4%	<0.001*
Yes	43	52.4%	258	76.6%
Marital Status
Currently Married	62	75.6%	269	79.8%	0.01*
Separated, Divorced	8	9.8%	45	13.4%
Widowed	4	4.9%	16	4.7%
Never Married	8	9.8%	7	2.1%
Religion
Buddhist	50	61.0%	191	56.7%	0.25
Christian	18	22.0%	103	30.6%
Other	14	17.0%	43	12.8%
Living Alone
No	71	86.6%	293	86.9%	0.93
Yes	11	13.4%	44	13.1%
Education (y)
1-8	39	47.6%	46	13.6%	<0.001*†
9-12	34	41.5%	226	67.1%
≥13	9	11.0%	65	19.3%
Someone to rely on for support in USA+
No	19	23 2%	76	22 7%	0 93
Yes	63	76 8%	259	77 3%
English Language Ability
Moderately or Very Well	30	36 6%	154	45 7%	014
Little or Not at all	52	63 4%	183	54 3%
Currently Employed
No	55	67 1 %	248	73 6%	0 24
Yes	27	32 9%	89	26 4%
Employed in last years (current or past)
No	38	46 3%	197	58 5%	0 05
Yes	44	53 7%	140	41 5%
Prevalence of Depression & PTSD
Depression
No	63	76 8%	199	59 1 %	0 003*
Yes	19	23 2%	138	40 9%
PTSD
No	82	100%	292	86 6%	<0 001**
Yes	0	0%	45	13 4%

^†2-sided Wilcoxon rank-sum test (normal approximation)

^‡2-sided Student's t-test (unequal variances)

^*p< 0.05,

^**p < 0.001

⁺2 ex - detainees with missing data

Unless indicated, p-values were for Pearson Chi Square test.