Table 5. Additive Effects of Trauma/Torture Events and Traumatic Head Injury events on Depression and PTS D in Ex-Political Detainees.
| Depression | PTSD | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||
| Symptom Class | N | Number (%) Defined as Case | Odds Ratio (95% CI) a | N | Number (%) Defined as cases | Odds ratio (95% CI) a |
| Traumatic Head Injury Events | ||||||
| 0-2 THI | 170 | 46 (27.1%) | 1.0 | 166 b | 8 (4.82%) | 1.0 |
| ≥3 THI | 167 | 92 (55.1%) | 3.35 (2.09 to 5.35) d | 167 | 37 (22.16%) | 3.35 (2.09 to 5.35) d |
| Other Trauma/Torture Events | ||||||
| 0-13 trauma/torture events | 75 | 15 (20.0%) | 1.0 | 73 b | 0 (0%) | NA |
| 14-18 trauma/torture events | 81 | 21 (25.9%) | 1.51 (0.69 to 3.33) | 81 | 2 (2.47%) | 1.0 |
| 19-25 trauma/torture events | 74 | 37 (50.0%) | 4.25 (1.98 to 9.10) d | 74 | 11 (14.86%) | 7.59 (1.54 to 37.35) c |
| ≥26 trauma/torture events | 88 | 54 (61.4%) | 7.70 (3.61 to 16.4) d | 88 | 29 (32.95%) | 24.90 (5.18 to 119.84) d |
| Interaction between Trauma/Torture and Traumatic Head Injury Events | ||||||
| 0-2 THI (1-13 trauma/torture) | 65 | 13 (20.0%) | 1.0 | 63 | 0 (0%) | NA |
| 0-2 THI (14-18 trauma/torture) | 46 | 10 (21.7%) | 1.28 (0.49 to 3.38) | 46 | 0 (0%) | NA |
| 0-2 THI (19-25 trauma/torture) | 37 | 14 (37.9%) | 2.56 (1.00 to 6.56) c | 37 | 3 (8.1%) | 1.0 |
| 0- 2 THI (>26 trauma/torture) | 16 | 7 (43.8%) | 3.59 (1.07 to 12.06) c | 16 | 5 (31.3%) | 6.48 (1.26 to 33.18) c |
| ≥3 THI (1-13 trauma/torture) | 10 | 2 (20.0%) | 0.91 (0.16 to 5.25) | 10 | 0 (0%) | NA |
| ≥3 THI (14-1 8 trauma/torture) | 35 | 11 (31.4%) | 1.83 (0.68 to 4.89) | 35 | 2 (5.7%) | 0.56 (0.083 to 3.80) |
| ≥3 THI (19-25 trauma/torture | 37 | 23 (62.2%) | 6.85 (2.68 to 17.49) d | 37 | 8 (21.6%) | 3.18 (0.75 to 13.39) |
| ≥3 THI (>26 trauma/torture) | 72 | 47 (65.3%) | 9.06 (3.98 to 2 to .62) d | 72 | 24 (33.3%) | 6.48 (1.75 to 24.03) c |
Abbreviations: PTSD, posttraumatic stress disorder; CI, confidence interval; NA, not applicable.
a
Adjustment was performed using multiple logistic regression with covariates for marital status (married vs. not married), age at interview, education in Vietnam, current living status (with spouse or children vs. other situations), and years in USA.
b
Subjects of no trauma exposure were excluded in producing PTSD odds ratio.
c
p<0.05,
d
p<0.001.
Cases with any missing items on trauma and torture evaluation were excluded.